LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 

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0{iap..:!r:-., Copyright No. 

ShelL..-„C.lZ ■ 

UNITED STATES OF AMERiCA. 



EXERCISES 



EQUINE SURGERY 



p. J. CADIOT 

PKOFESSOK AT THE ALrOET VETEEINAEY SCHOOL 
TRANSLATED BY 

A. W. BITTING, D.V.M. 

FOBMEELT VETBRINAEIAN IN THE FLOEIDA AGEICULTUEAL COLLEGE AND 

ESPEEIMENT STATION, VETEEINAEIAN TO PUEDUE UNIVEESITY 

AND AGEICULTUEAL EXPEEIMENT STATION 

EDITED BY 

A. LIAUTARD, M.D., V.M. 

PEINCIPAL, AND PEOFESSOE OF ANATOMT, SUEGEEY, SANITAEY MEDICINE 

AND JUEISPEUDENCE, OF THE AMBEICAN VETEEINAEY COLLEGE, 

NEW YOEK, ETC., ETC. 

WITH FIFTY-SIX ILLUSTRATIONS 



AUTHORIZED EDITION 




NEW YORK I L \ ^ 8 

WILLIAM R. JENKINS ^ 

VETEKINARY PUBLISHEE AND BOOKSELLER 
851 AND 853 Sixth Avenue 



Copyright, 1897, by William R. Jknkins. 
^•1// Riijlila L'fsn'red, 



PRIXTKri )iY TII 
OF WlI.I.IAM R. . 



<^v 



AUTHOR'S PREFACE. 



At the Alfort Veterinary School, the exercises iii 
equine surgery are given during the scholastic year, 
on Monday of each week from half past six in the 
morning to five in the evening. All operations are 
made upon the cadaver except those made upon the 
animal while in a state of anaesthesia secured by an in- 
travenous injection of chloral hydrate. jSTevertlieless, 
in order to broaden the field of application of the rules 
here presented, we have looked upon a great many as 
if they were being effected for a therapeutic object 
and upon the horse as being able to give those reac- 
tions, which are to be met with in practice. 

Most of the figures are from the crayon of M. G. 
Nicolet and taken from the Trails de Therapeuliqae chir- 
urgicale des animaux domestiques, which we are publishing 
with M. Almny, assistant professor at the Alfort Vet- 
erinary School, and have been drawn from the collec- 
tion of photographs gathered by the pujjils connected 
with the laboratory of clinical surgery. 

P. J. Cadiot. 



PREFACE 



When " Exercices de Chirurgie Hippique " was published 
I obtained, while abroad last siimmer, authorization 
from Prof. P. J. Cadiot to render it into English. 

Uj)on my return to the United States, however, I 
was informed a translation had already been prepared 
hy Prof. A. W. Bitting, as the subject of his thesis 
previous to his graduation from the Veterinary Depart- 
ment of the Iowa State College (Ames, Iowa). 

To Prof. Bitting, therefore, belongs the principal 
credit of the work, to which I have only contributed 
some corrections and additions, as suggested by the 
IFrench author. 

Though many of the subjects treated already have 
their places in the various works on operative surgery, 
it is hoi3ed that the special j)i"ocesses used for some 
operations at the world-renowned French School of 
"Veterinary Medicine, as presented in this little work, 
will not fail to prove of some value and advantage to 
American and English A'eterinary students, as well as 
to practitioners. 

A. LIAUTARD. 



EXERCISES 



EQUINE SURGERY, 



RESTRAINT. 

I. — Restraint of the Horse in a Standing Position. 

Pass the lead strap through the mouth, and around the 
lower jaw; apply a twitch to the superior lip; raise a foot 




Kg. 1— Posterior limb raised and carried forward by means of a rope. 

or bring a posterior member forward by means of a rope 
(fig. ] ). Hobble both posterior limbs ; pass the line between the 



4 EXERCISES IN EQUINE SURGERY. 

fore limbs, in front of the right shoulder over the withers, 
and to the left side; cross it and have it drawn forward by 
an assistant (fig. 2). AVith Le GofE's hobbks secure tliree 




'''='^%^ 



Fig. 2.— Restraint of the posterior limbs. 

limbs, the two anterior ana a posterior, if you operate upon 
the anterior part of the body, the neck, or the head ; the two 
posterior and an anterior if you operate upon the hind 
quarters. 



II. — Restraint of the Horse in the Reounibent 
Position. 

To cast the animal, prepare a bed of straw upon the floor 
and have an assistant hold the head. Twitch or pass a strap 
through the mouth, and around tlie lower jaw. Raise a fore 
foot, and apply the hobbles to all the limbs, the buckles out- 



RESTRAINT. 5 

side, the rings of the two anterior turned backward, those 
of the posterior turned forward, and the hne lock on the 
anterior hmb on the side opposite to that on which you wisli 
him to He. Pass the hne through the ring of the hobble 
on the posterior limb corresponding to the raised foot, then 




Casting the horse. Ordinary procedure. 



successively through that on the other posterior limb, the 
opposite anterior hmb, and finally through that to which it is 
fixed, and have it drawn moderately by the assistants. Throw 
a rope over the trunk, back of the withers, which is to be held 
by two assistants on the side on which the horse should fall. 
Another assistant seizes the tail, and is to act in the same 
manner as those holding the rope. Diminish as much as 
possible the base of support; bring the limbs together by 
making the horse back, or successively carry the two posterior 
limbs forward ; when in this condition the hobble line should 
be gradually drawn (fig. 3). At a convenient signal there 
should be common action; the extremities are brought 



G EXERCISES IN EQUINE SURGERY. 

together; the animal, feehng his danger, immediately bends 




Fig. 4.— The right anterior limb is carried above the corresponding posterior. 

the joints of the limbs, the traction exercised upon the trunk, 
tail, and head overcomes the equilibrium of the body. The 




Fig. 5.— The right posterior limb is carried above the corresponding anterior, 
horse should fall upon the bed, or rather lie on it, from hind 



RESTRAINT. 7 

to front quarters, or in the reverse direction. Secure the hne 
by a double knot, or by tlie hobble lock. 

If you wish to displace an anterior limb and carry it over 
the superficial posterior limb, fix a rope to the canon of the 
first, pass it from above to below on the inferior part of the 
leg, then continue from the rear forward, from below to 
above the forearm of the displaced limb, and hold the rope in 
the direction of the withers after having unhobbled the limb 
(fig. 4). k Secure it to the posterior by two turns crossed as 
an X, one turn horizontal and a circular turn. 

If a posterior limb is to be . secured above the anterior 
superficial, fasten a rope upon the canon of the first, pass 
it around the fore limb from above downward, at the inferior 
third of the forearm, then bring it back under the posterior 
limb, and draw perpendicular to the vertebral column, after 
having disengaged the extremity of the limb to be displaced 
(fig. 5). Another rope fixed above the knee will prevent the 
first from slipping. 



GENERAL OPERATIONS. 



I.— PHLEBOTOMY. 

General Directions. — To puncture a vein, take a fleam, 
a straight bistoury, or a lance; assure yourself that the point 
of the instrument is in proper condition, well sharpened ; if 
you bleed with a fleam, a bleeding stick is needed. Moisten 
and smooth the hair, or cut it with the scissors at the point 
where you wish to open the vessel. To arrest the hemorrhage, 
use a pin and some British thread ; make a common ligature, 
the thread being preferable to a lock of hair. 

Secure in a manner convenient for the operation ; take the 
most favorable position to secure enlargement of the vein and 
protection from the animal's actions. The bleeding requires 



8 EXERCISES IN EQUINE SURGERY. 

only one essential step — the opening of the vessel. If there is 
failure the first time, give a second cut at the same point 
as the first, for the fleam may not have penetrated to the 
vein. 

When the vessel is opened and in condition so that the blood 
flows, avoid displacement of the skin; if the two orifices, 
veinous and cutaneous, do not correspond, the bleeding will 
be irregular; ycu would have a thrombus. To close the vein, 
bring together the two cutaneous lips of the puncture, by 
exercising traction upon the skin, with the thumb and finger 
of the left hand, pierce them in the middle with a pin, make 
one ligature of thread with a straight knot, or of hair with the 
bleeding knot ; cut the thread or hair a centimeter from the 
knot, and bend over the point of the pin. 

1. — Bleeding- from the Aiigularis. 

Restraint. — Hold the head in line with the axis of the 
body, and cover the eye on the corresponding side. 

Technique. — Tlie vein descends from the internal angle of 
the eye towards the extremity of the zygomatic spine; it is 
plainly noticed on a level of the fleshy portion of the supero- 
maxillo-labialis; it is there that one may puncture with a 
lance or straight bistoury. 

When bleeding on the left side, compress the vein with the 
thumb of the left hand a little below the point to be opened; 
puncture from below iipward with the other. On the right 
side, make tlie compression with the right thumb, and the 
punctui'e with the left hand. 

2. — Bleeding- from the Jugular. 

Restraint. — Pass the lead strap through the mouth and 
around the lower jaw ; extend the head and carefully carry it 
to the side opposite to that on which you wish to bleed ; the 
assistant should cover the eye on the side corresponding with 
one of his hands. 

Technique. — Puncture the jugular at the union of the 
middle third with the superior tliird of the neck, using a fleam. 

When bleeding on the left side, place yourself a little in 
front of the corresponding anterior member outside of the 



PHLEBOTOMY. 9 

limit of its movement; carry the left hand, armed with a 
fleam, in the jugular groove a little above the middle of the 
neck, compress the v^ein to provoke its distention by stasis; it 
is necessary to make sliglit movements with tlie hand parallel 
with the vessel, in order to clearly distinguish the sanguinous 
column by its undulations ; the point of the fleam is placed 
exactly over the vessel ; puncture it with the right hand by a 
stroke of the bleeding stick upon the instrument. When 
bleeding from the right side, hold the fleam with the right 
hand, and strike with the left. At the flow of blood, with- 
draw the instrument. 

During the time of bleeding, continue the compression, in 
order to prevent the admission of air into the vein. 

To arrest the hemorrhage, remove the pressure, and at the 
same time bring the lips of the wound together with the 
thumb and index finger; place one pin in their middle, a 
half-centimeter from the edges, after Avhich complete the 
ligature. 

3. — Bleeding from tlie Cephalic Vein. 

Restraint. — Hold the head slightly to one side of the axis of 
the body ; raise the anterior member on the opposite side to 
that on which you operate. 

TecHjS^iqub. — Search for the cephalic vein in the interstice 
which separates the arm from the forearm ; it passes from the 
rear forward, over the superficial band of the coraco-radialis. 
An exploration of the region permits one to easily recognize 
the situation of the vessel, even when it is not very apparent. 
It is useless to try to provoke distention, as the blood will 
pass by way of the basilic vein. 

With the fleam puncture the vein over the region of the 
superflcial band of the radialis or immediately within it. 
When operating on the left side, take a position near the 
corresponding anterior member; the right hand holds the 
fleam ; it finds a point of support upon the inferior part of 
the mastoido-humeralis, towards the middle of the antero- 
external face of the arm; the point of the instrument is 
placed over the axis of the vessel, or a little obliquely; the 
left hand strikes a light blow upon the handle. When 



10 EXERCISES IN EQUINE SURGERY. 

operating upon the right side, hold the fleam with the left 
hand, and strike with the other. 

Arrest hemorrhage as in the jugular operation. 

If the blow with the bleeding stick has been given strongly, 
and the vein transpierced, .a voluminous thrombus is the 
result. 

4. — Bleeding from the Subcutaneous of the Forearm. 

Restraint. — The same directions as for phlebotomy of the 
cephalic vein. 

Technique. — Open the vessel with the lance or straight 
bistoury. When operating upon the left, place yourself 
facing the member ; provoke distention of the vein by com- 
pression a little above the point where you wish to operate, 
using the thumb of the left hand, the other fingers being 
applied upon the.extensors of the foot; puncture quickly from 
below upwards with the left hand. If you operate on the 
right, compress the vessel with the left hand and open it with 
the other. 

Arrest hemorrhage as in the jugular. 

5.— Bleeding- from the Subcutaneous Thoracic Vein. 

Restraint. — Hold the head in line with the axis of the body, 
ra'se the fore foot on the side opposite to that on which the 
vessel is to be opened. 

Technique. — The subcutaneous vein of the thorax is easily 
seen in its anterior portion, to the rear and a little above the 
elbow. Puncture it at a hand's-breadth from the elbow, 
ojyposite an inter-costal space. 

When bleeding from the left, place yourself against the cor- 
responding anterior limb, back turned toward the head, the. 
right hand armed with a fleam held horizontally; compress the 
vessel iunnediately back of the extensors of the forearm ; the 
left hand carried vertically gives a slight blow upon the 
Instrument with the bleeding stick. To puncture the right 
vein, hold the fleam with the left hand and strike with the 
other. 

If the bleeding is performed over a rib, the blade of the 
instrument is nearly always broken on the bone ; the vein is 
transpierced ; a large thrombus is the result. 



PHLEBOTOMY. 11 

6. — Bleeding- from tlie Sapliena. 

Restraint. — The head is maintained nearly upon the median 
line; take a position in the rear or in front of the posterior 
limb opposite to the one on which phlebotomy is to be 
practiced. 

Technique. — With the fleam, puncture the vein over the 
flat side of the thigli. There are two methods : 

Bleeding at the Left 8>arphena. — 1. Hold the right posterior 
limb backward ; instruct the assistant to hold flrmly as for an 
operation in shoeing ; take a position below the right flank, 
the knees flexed ; the left hand, which holds the handle by its 
extremity, takes the superior part of the . internal face of the 
leg as a point of support; avoid compressing the vein; the 
blade of the instrument is placed over the axis of the vessel, 
the right hand gives the stroke with the bleeding stick. 

2. Hold the right posterior limb forward with a rope ; take 
a position back of the left limb near the median line ; the left 
hand holding the fleam (handle downward) , take as a point of 
support the superior part of the flat side of the thigh (the 
region uncovered by the displacement of the right leg), and 
compress the vein ; the right hand gives the stroke with the 
bleeding stick. 

Bleeding at the Right Saphena. — The left posterior limb 
may be held securely backward ; take a position under the left 
flank, hold the fleam in the right hand and strike with the 
other. If the limb is carried forward, take a position in the 
rear, hold the fleam in the right hand and strike with the left. 

Arrest hemorrhage as in the preceding operations. 

7. — Bleeding from the Toe. 

Restraint. — Raise the foot on which you wish to operate. 
If the subject is irritable, apply a twitch to the upper lip. 

Technique. — Pare the plantar region, thinning the sole 
thoroughly at the anterior part; hollow out the toe, and 
cut a groove in the commisural zone; then, either with the 
point of a sage knife, or of a bistoury — the back of the 
instrument turned towards the heel— or a narrow drawing 
knife, section the tegumentary membrane and the arch of the 
vascular circumflex at the bottom of the groove. 

If the hemorrhage persists too long, arrest by a compress 
bandage. 



12 EXERCISES IN EQUINE SURGERY. 

8. — Bleeding from the Palate. 

Restraint. — Open the jaws with a speculum, apply a twitch, 
or simply hold the head moderately elevated. 

Technique. — Be sure to puncture the network of sub- 
mucous veins opposite the fifth or sixth palatine groove. (The 
anastomosis of the palatine artery corresponds very nearly to 
the third groove.) 

With the left hand the tongue is seized and drawn out of the 
mouth through the interdental space, and is held iuimovable. 
"With the bistoury carried into the mouth, point upward, 
cutting edge forward, make a deep incision of half a centi- 
meter in the median line of the palate; prolong the incision to 
a centimeter in length. 

If the hemorrhage does not cease spontaneously, take a 
splint fifteen centimeters long, roll linen about it in such 
Ji manner as to form a mat compress, apply this transversely 
upon the palate, on a level with the wound, then fix it in 
position by two bands tied to the extremities of the cross 
piece and to the nose-band of the halter. 

II. -ANAESTHESIA. 

Intravenous Injection ot Chloral Hydrate. 

Restraint. —Cast the animal on the side opposite to that on 
which you operate ; hold the head extended upon the neck. 

Instriunents. — Scissois, capillary trocar, apparatus of 
Dieulafoy, solution of chloral of one to three (1:3). 

Technique. — Operate at the point where bleeding is usually- 
practiced ; take a position in front of the neck ; clip the hair. 
An assistant should compress the vein at the inferior portion 
of the neck. The skin is stretched by exercising a little 
traction towards the head; with the left hand, if operating on 
the left side, with the other if operating on the right, puncture 
the vein with a single thrust of the trocar held obliquely down- 
ward and backwards, the point exactly placed on the vessel. 
The puncture may also be made by two steps: first penetrate 
the skin, then the wall of the vein. The trocar is withdrawn 
from the canula ; the blood flows in a jet from the canula, if 
its extremity is well in the vein. Cease exercising compression. 



SETONS. 13 

upon the vessel at the inferior part of tlie neck. An assistant 
holds the canula inclined upon the neck well secured. 

Introduce into the caniila the adjustment connecting the 
rubber tube, work the cock corresponding, and slowly push 
into the vein the quantity of chloral necessary for anesthesia 
(30 to 40 grams, depending upon the size of the subject). 
(Nocard. ) 

Remove the canula, wash off the small quantity of blood 
that proceeds from the opening; after withdrawing, avoid 
raising the skin, 

III.— SETONS. 

Tape setons and rowel setons are used. For the first, a sub- 
cutaneous course of variable length is made, in which is 
passed a band or ribbon. In the other, a ring, or a piece of 
leather made into a circle, is introduced beneath the bare 
skin. 

The majority of the operations are very painful, provoke a 
lively resistance and necessitate a careful restraint (hobbles, 
ropes) if the animal is not given an anaesthetic. 

A. — Setons of Tape. 

General Rules. — Use the seton needle, scissors and convex 
bistoury and the tape. Take a tape 60 to 80 centimeters in 
length ; at one of its extremities fold it several times in such a 
manner as to make a knot of five centimeters. The course for 
the seton should be made in the subcutaneous connective 
tissue, in general following the direction of the hair. The 
length determined, at its extremities, make two incisions of 
two and half to three centimeters in the body of the seton. 
Afterwards take the needle, seize it near the blade, the index 
along one of its faces, preferably the concave; introduce it 
into the first incision, engage it in the connective tissue, push 
it forward, holding the instrument in the full hand, the index 
always extended upon the handle near the cutaneous opening ; 
with the free hand raise the skin in front of the point of the 
instrument, either in folds or by exercising traction upon the 
hair. 



14 EXERCISES IN EQUINE SURGERY. 

Avoid puncturing the skin or the muscles beneath. Direct 
the instrument toward the second incision. Arriving at this 
point, direct the blade outward, engage the end of the tape in 
tlie eye, and withdraw the instrument ; the seton is in place. 
It only remains to disengage tlie end of the tape from the eye 
of the needle and make a knot resembling that on the other 
end. Do not tie the two extremities of the tape; it is bad 
practice. 

The operation can be made with the seton needle alone. 
Hold it 9.S has already been directed ; the needle is introduced 
at the base of a cutaneous fold, which is held transversely to 
its direction by the thumb and index finger of the free hand. 
By an energetic thrust, cause it to penetrate the skin and 
implant it in the subcutaneous connective tissue, where you 
make the course afterward. The course is completed and the 
needle brought out by a quick movement after having inclined 
it in such a way that its point is directed towards the skin, 
using the scissors as a point of support in front of and below 
the point of the needle. The manner of passing and fixing the 
tape is the same as in the first procedure. 

More often a single incision is made — that which permits 
the introduction of the needle — and, the hollow coui-se, the 
opening from it being made in passing towards the skin. 

With the seton needle, having an eye in the heel, one can 
pass the tape introduced in that orifice and draw out the 
needle by its blade ; but the other method is preferable. 

1. — Seton in the Breast. 

Restraint. — Twitch the superior lip; raise the posterior 
Jimb on the same side on which you wish to operate, or 
hobble the anterior limb of the same side, or apply the hobbles 
of LeGoff. 

Technique. — If only one seton is to be inserted, pass it over 
the median line from the anterior part of the sternum to the 
region of the passage of the girth. 

If two are used, pass them on each side of that line, within 
the cephalic vein, at some distance from the limbs, over the 
median portion of the enlargement of the sterno-humeral 
muscle, even to the passage of the girth, and cause them to 
slightly converge backward. 



SETONS. 15 

Place yourself a little in front of the right fore limb 
<hobbled). Instead of implanting the needle in the skin 
at first, it is preferable to make a short incision parallel to the 
seton. Take the needle in the right hand ; with the other lift 
the skin to favor the progression of the instrument ; arriving 
-at the point where it is to come out, the blade is passed 
toward the skin, Avhile the scissors, held in the left hand, are 
applied strongly against it. Always proceed in this manner if 
r>n]y one seton is placed. If two are used, you may pass each 
without changing position, remaining in front of the right 
limb ; you may also, in order to pass the seton on the left side, 
take a position in front of the corresponding member, after 
Laving hobbled it. 

2.— Seton iu the Neck. 

Restraint. — Twitch; hobble both fore limbs. 

TBCHifiQUK. — Insert at the anterior part of the neck, in a 
vertical direction or slightly oblique upward and forward, two 
parallel setons at a distance of about ten centimeters from 
each other. Make two small incisions through the hair on 
the side of the neck, over the enlargement formed by the 
mastoido-humeral muscle, and a little above the jugular 
groove. If operating upon the left side, hold the needle in the 
right hand, pass it from below upward in the direction which 
has been indicated, and make the opening three fingers' 
breadth from the mane ; press over the skin in front of the 
point Avith the scissors; pass the tape and withdraw the 
instrument. 

AVhen operating upon the right side, manipulate the needle 
with the left hand. 

3. — Seton in tlie Jaw. 

Restraint. — Twitch; raise an anterior limb. 

TECH^'IQUE. — Upon the fiat side of the jaw, at a hand's 
iDreadth from the posterior border of the maxilla and from 
the zygomatic crest, make a short incision in the direction of 
the hair. If operating upon the left side, hold the needle 
in the right hand, pass it parallel to the crest and make the 



16 EXERCISES IN EQUINE SURGERY. 

opening several centimeters in front of its extremity. Pass, 
the tape and Avithdraw the instrument. 

If the operation is made upon the right, manipulate th& 
needle with the left hand. 

4.— Seton in the Shoulder. 

Restraint. — Twitch the upper lip; hobble both fore limbs, 
or raise the anterior limb on the side opposite that on which 
you wish to operate. 

Technique. — Apply two setons, the one in front of tlie 
scapulo-humeral articulation, the other on the external side 
of the joint. Place yourself in profile near the limb, back 
turned toward the rear. 

If the seton is to be placed in the left shoulder, manipulate 
the needle with the right hand. Pass the anterior seton in 
two steps. Make an incision of three centimeters through the 
the skin in front of the articulation; introduce the needle, 
passing downward and backward, in the subcutaneous con- 
nective tissue of the arm, along its anterior face, and bring 
the blade out Avith the assistance of the scissors at fifteen 
centimeters from the incision. Insert the tape and withdraw 
the instrument. Then, at the limit of the inferior third and 
of the middle third of the cervical border of the shoulder, 
make a new incision; introduce the blade of the instrument 
and pass it downward and forward towards the first incision ; 
bring the blade out, insert in its eye the superior end of the 
tape and withdraw the needle. 

The po.sterior seton requires only one step. Ten centimeters 
above the articulation, and a little back of the first seton, 
make one incision; introduce the needle, make it traverse 
vertically to just ten centimeters below the joint; perforate 
the skin at this point with the assistance of the scissors, insert 
the tape in the needle, and withdraw it. 

In the operation upon the right shoulder, manipulate the 
needle with the left hand. 

5 — Seton over the Kibs. 

Restraint. — Twitch the upper lip; hobble both anterior 
limbs, or hobble the one on the side opposite that on whicli 
you operate. 



SETONS. 17 

Technique. — Pass two setons upon each of the tlioraeie 
"walls, one ten to fifteen centimeters behind the posterior 
iDorder of the extensor muscles of the forearm, the other eight 
to ten centimeters posterior to the first ; they should extend 
from above to a little below the middle third of the thorax. 
Do not prolong them beyond the spur vein. Give them a 
vertical disposition over the fieshy portion ; pass them along 
an intercostal space over the lean flesh. 

If you operate on the left side, place yourself on a line with 
the anterior limb, the back turned toward the animal's head ; 
make two small vertical incisions in the skin at the superior 
part of the costal region near the border of the ilio-spinalis, one 
for each seton. 

Hold the needle in the left hand, insert it in the first 
incision, and make it penetrate under the skin of the costal 
w^all, point outward, to within a few centimeters of the spur 
vein ; with the assistance of the scissors make an opening at 
this point ; insert the tape in the eye of the blade, and pass it 
through the course by withdrawing the instrument. Manipu- 
late in like manner for the seton in the other side. 

When operating on the right side, assume a position on a 
line of the corresponding anterior limb, and hold the needle in 
the right hand. 

6 — Setoii in the Haunch. 

Restraint. — Twitch the superior lip; hobble both posterior 
limbs. 

Technique. — Pass two setons vertically on a level with the 
coxo-femoral articulation from eight to ten centimeters from 
each other — one in front, the other behind the joint. Grive 
them a length of about thirty centimeters. 

Take a position a little in front of the limb, and make two 
short vertical incisions at the same height and ten to fifteen 
centimeters above the articulation. If operating upon the 
left, hold the needle in the left hand; introduce it into the 
fiirst incision, pass it vertically or a little obliquely backward, 
and pierce the skin ten to fifteen centimeters below the 
articulation. Insert the tape and withdraw the instrument. 
Proceed in the same manner for the other side. 



18 EXERCISES IN EQUINE SURGERY. 

To operate upon the right haunch, manipulate the needle 
■with the right hand. 

In case the deep muscles are badly atrophied and the 
enlargement of the articulation very pronounced, make the 
incisions on a level with the articulation, and operate by two 
steps, as for the anterior seton of the shoulder. 

7. — Setoii in the Buttock. 

Restraint. — Twitch the upper lip; hobble both posterior 
limbs ; the line is passed between the anterior limb, continued 
over the withers, crossed and held by an assistant. 

Technique. — Pass a single seton in the rear of the buttock. 
Take a position against the member, the back turned toward.^ 
the animal's head; make a short vertical incision in the 
superior part of that region, immediately below the enlarge- 
ment formed by the ischiatic tuberosity. If you operate on 
the left side, hold the needle in the left hand, pass it in a 
slightly oblique direction downward and inward, just to the 
superior part of the leg; bring out the blade at this point, 
insert the tape and withdraw the instrument. 

When operating on the right side, take a position against 
the corresponding member, and hold the needle in the right 
hand. 

8.— Seton in the Stifle. 

Restraint. — Cast the animal upon the side opposite to that 
on which it is desired to operate. Carry the limb forward in 
extension with a rope fixed above the hoof or upon the canon. 

Technique.— The seton, which should be twenty or thirty 
centimeters in length, is passed in front of the stifle. The 
great mobility of the skin which covers the patellar articula- 
tion renders it necessary, if one would place the seton exactly 
on a level with it, to mark the limits before the animal is cast, 
in order to make the two incisions for the entrance and exit of 
the needle; the first, ten to fifteen centimeters above the 
center of the joint; the second, ten to fifteen centimeters 
below the joint. If you operate upon the left limb, hold the 
needle in the right hand, point towards the skin; insert it into 
the superior incision and direct it towards the other, and be 



19 



careful to avoid wounding the synovial capsule. If you 
onerate upon the right stifle, hold the needle in the left hand. 

9 — Ventral Seton. 

Restraint. — Twitch; hobble both posterior limbs ; raise the 
left fore limb. If the subject is very irritable, operate upon 
the animal cast upon the right side. 

Tech^'ique. — If the operation is made in the standing 
position, place yourself in the rear of tlie right fore limb, the 
knees bent. Even with the the xiphoid appendix and upon 
the median line, make a transverse fold of skin, incise it, hold 
the needle solidly in the right hand, point outwards^ intro- 
duce it in the connective tissue and pass it along the linsa 
alba to ten centimeters of tlie sheath in the horse, or to the 
mammae of the mare ; make it come through at this point with 
the assistance of the scissors ; insert the tape and withdraw 
the instrument. 

If you operate upon the animal lying upon the right side, 
ananipulate the needle with the right hand. 

B. — Rowel Setou. 

The rowel seton is applied on a level with the superior 
articulation of the limbs, notably those of the shoulder and 
haunch. 

Instruments. — Convex bistoury, curved scissors, ring of 
liair or rubber six to seven centimeters in diameter. 

Technique. — With the convex bistoury make an incision 
of three or four centimeters on a level Avith the articulation ; 
with the curved scissors detach the skin from a circular 
surface, within the incision from the inferior radius. Intro- 
duce the leather or rubber ring, after having folded it twice. 
Unfold it within the cavity. 

IV.— i.igatio:n^ of vessels. 

Instruments. — Scissors, convex and straight bistouries, dis- 
secting and hemostatic forceps, director, British silk thread, 
cat-gut or linen tape, Descliamp or Cooper needles, and a 
needle to suture. 



20 EXERCISES IN EQUINE SURGERY. 

General Directions. — The operation consists of three steps : 
1st, incision of the tissue which covers the vessel; 2nd, isola- 
tion of the vessel for a centimeter by use of the dissecting 
forceps, bistoury, and probe director; 3rd, application of the 
band. 

If the thread is absorbable (cat-gut), the ends are cut near 
the knot; if linen or silk thread is used, one of the ends 
should be cut near the knot, the other remaining outside of 
the wound, serving to remove the ligature when it becomes 
free. In general, wounds of the veins require only one 
ligature; they should be made beyond the w^ound or upon the 
periphery. For arteries, two ligatures are ordinarily applied; 
one above the wound, the other below. 

1. — Ligratiou of the Jugular. 

Restraint. — Cast the animal on the side opposite to that on 
which you wish to operate ; extend the head upon the neck ; 
twitch the upper lip. 

Technique. — Operate at the superior part of the jugular 
groove, a little below the point where the vein receives the 
glosso-facial. Clip the hair, make a cutaneous incision of four 
or five centimeters over the axis of the vessel and dissect the 
underlying connective and muscular tissues. AVith the point 
of the director lacerate the perivenous cellular tissue along the 
line of incision; make the exposure of the vein, detaching it 
from the adjacent tissue by always moving the point of the 
director parallel with the vessel. 

Pass a double British thread or linen tape under the vein ; 
draw the ligature tightly and secure it by a straight knot. 
Cut one of the ends close to the knot, preserve several centi- 
meters of the other and let it extend outside. 

Unite the lips of the cutaneous wound at two points by 
sutures. 

2. — Ligature of the Glosso-facial Artery. 

Restraint. — Twitch; raise the anterior limb on the side 
opposite to that on which you operate. 

Technique. — It is easy to see the artery upon the cheek 
along the anterior border of the masseter, in front of the vein 



LIGATIONS. 31 

and Steno's duct. Make an incision of three centimeters along 
the line of the vessel ; divide the skin, cutaneous muscle and 
cellular tissue; with the director isolate the artery, slip a 
thread under it and tie. 

3. — Ligature of the Carotid. 

Restraint. — Twitch; raise the fore limb on the side opposite 
to that on which you wish to operate, or hobble both limbs. 

Technique. — Clip the hair; make an incision of six centi- 
meters intersecting the skin, adjacent muscular, connective 
and subcutaneous tissues, in the jugular groove immediately 
above the vein. With the thumb of the left hand introduced 
into the wound, push aside the anterior lip, and at tlie same 
time displace the jugular vein ; afterwards section the sub-scap- 
ulohyoidean muscle, and lay down the bistoury. With the 
index finger lacerate the pericarotidean connective tissue, 
seize the artery (fig. 19), and compress it on a level with the 
opening, separate the inferior laryngeal nerve which is joined 
to it in front, then the cord formed by the great sympathetic 
and pneumogastric which lies upon its posterior face. 

If the artery is simply opened, have it held by an assistant, 
who compresses it between the thumb and index finger on a 
level with the perforation ; apply the first ligature below the 
wound and the other above. 

When the vessel has been completely sectioned, prolong the 
incision above and below, exposing the two ends and ligate 
successively. 

4. — Ligature of the Intercostal Arteries. 

Restraint. — Twitch; raise the anterior member on the side 
opposite to that on which you wish to operate. 

Technique. — The intercostal arteries lie at full length in 
the fissure along the posterior border of the ribs, and are in 
front of the corresponding nerves. When arterial blood 
escapes from a wound in the intercostal space, it is the artery 
of the anterior rib that is wounded. 

Make a cutaneous incision f'^om three to four centimeters in 
length along the posterior border of the rib, divide the sub- 
cutaneous layers and the external intercostal muscle; with 



22 EXERCISES IN EQUINE SURGERY. 

the point of the director or of a bistoury, separate the artery 
from the connective tissue, wliich surrounds it, pass tlie 
thread under it and bind tightly. If tlie vessel is cut, seize 
the superior end and ligate it. 

5. — Ligature of the SapLena Artery. 

Restraint. — As for phlebotomy of the saphena vein; or 
throw the animal on the same side as the leg to be operated 
upon, carrying and securing the opposite hind leg forward 
with a rope. 

Technique. — With a cut of the bistoury, divide the skin 
parallel to the saphena vein. Isolate the artery with the 
director, slip a thread below it and tie. If it is severed, 
prolong the incision upward, seize the end with the forceps 
and afterwards make the ligature. 

G. — Lig'ature of the Plantar Artery. 

Restraint. — The same situation as for plantar neurotomies, 
high or low, according as it is practiced above or below the 
fetlock. (Figs. 49 and 50. ) 

Technique. —Make a cutaneous incision of three centi- 
meters on a line with the vessel. Divide with precaution the 
subcutaneous connective tissue, the sheath or aponeurosis of 
the plantar cushion, accordiiig to the place at Avhich you 
operate. The artery is exposed ; isolate with the director and 
make an ordinary ligature. 

v.— SUTURES. 

General Directions. — Clip the hair upon the lips of the 
wound, cleanse it, bring the edges together with the lingers, 
and use that suture which is most convenient. 

In incised wounds in Avhicli the tissue is not destroyed and 
the edges are clean, union is easy; where the wound is of 
irregular nature, sutures should only be taken with certain 
precautions. In general, such incised wounds may be cor- 
rected; if the flaps are stretched, the first suture should be 
near the center of the lips. 

When the wound is irregular, sinuous or angular, begin by 
taking the stitches on a line with the most elevated part, or 
the angles. Penetrate the lip obliquely, supporting it Avith 



SUTURES. 23 

the forceps where the needle penetrates from without to 
within, pressing upon the other with the thumb and index 
finger of the free hand on each side of the point where the 
needle should come through. The stitches should be placed 
at regular intervals ; those which pass through the lips at the 
same depth should penetrate at an equal distance from thj 
edge of the wound; if you employ deep sutures, make the 
points of entrance and exit of the needle farther from the 
edges of the lips. Pass all the threads first, afterwards com- 
mence by tying those in the middle or those at the angles, 
and place the knots as far as possible from the wound over 
the upper lip. In tieing the threads avoid equally insufficient 
tension which permits the lips to gape, or an excessive tension 
which provokes tearing. 

1. — Interrupted Suture. 

Ordinary curved needles or Reverdin needles ; linen or silk 
thread. 

Technique. — Prepare as many threads as you wish to make 
points of suture. If you use an ordinary needle, pass the 
first thread through its eye, pierce one of the edges of the 
wound from without to within, and the other from within to 
without. Use the same procedure with the other threads. 
You may also use only one needle and a long thread. Pass it 
in the lips of the wound, cut it with the scissors, leaving 
sufficient ends to make the first suture. Proceed in like 
manner for the other sutures. 

If you use a Reverdin needle, penetrate one of the lips from 
without to within, the other from within to without; slip the 
thread in the eye and pass it through the lips of the wound in 
withdrawing the needle. 

2.— Continuous Suture. 

Ordinary curved needle and linen or silk thread. 

Technique. — Thread the needle with a thread sufficiently 
long to make all the stitches, and terminate with a rosette 
knot. Pass through the lips a little obliquely at one of the 
extremities of the wound, the first lip from Avithout to within, 
and the other from within to without; implant the needle 



24 



EXERCISES IN EQUINE SURGERY. 



again into the first lip at the same distance from its edge as 
the first stitch, and about a centimeter from it ; make the exit 
in the opposite hp on a hne in an oblique course parallel to 
the first. Continue this to the other end of the wound. 
Secure the thread by a rosette knot. 




Figs. 6 and 7.— Bayer's Suture.* 

S, suture; C. traumatic cavity; F. deep thread: DD, quills; G. gauze; 

O, wadding; PP. skin ; E, splint. 



3, — Twisted Suture. 

Long steel pins with flat heads, linen thread. 
Technique. — The lips are brought face to face, insert a pin 
perpendicular to the Avound three millimeters from the edges, 



Bayer, Lehrhrucli der Vetei'intlr Chirurgie. Wien, 1890. 



SUTURES. 25 

through the first lip from witliout to within, and through tlie 
otlier from within to without. In the same manner pass otlier 
pins at intervals of about a centimeter. Engage a loop of the 
thread under both ends of the first pin; cai-ry tlie ends of 
the thread toward opposite ends of the pin, crossing it above 
the wound ; pass it again under the pin in sucli a manner as 
to form a figure 8 ; repeat three or four times, then unite the 
ends by a straight knot or a rosette. 

Apply a similar ligature to all tlie pins. Cut them near the 
stitches. 

4.— Quilled Suture. 

Ordinary curved needle with large eye, silk or linen tliread ; 
wooden pins, red rubber tube or small gauze cylinder. 

Techj^ique. — With a needle and double thread pierce the 
lips of the wound as in the discontinuous suture. Repeat for 
the other stitches. Upon one of the lips of the wound their 
extremities are disposed as loops. Slip the wooden pin, rubber 
tube or roll of gauze in these loops, draw the otlier ends of the 
thread to fix the first end; after having divided them, tie them 
against a similar pin until they arc firm, 

5. — Dossil Suture. 

(a) First Procedure. — A curved needle with a thread having 
a ball of wadding or a small roll of tape or gauze attached to 
one end is needed. 

Technique. — With a needle and double thread pass from 
without to within through one of the lips of the wound at 
about a centimeter from its free edge ; draw the thread so that 
the dossil is just against tlie skin. Pass a thread in the same 
manner at a point corresponding on the other lip. In this 
way make a certain number of stitches. Afterwards unite the 
the corresponding threads quite firmly. 

(b) Second Procedure. — Heilister needle, dossils of fifteen 
centimeters cut obliquely at one end, and bearing a knot ut 
the other. 

Technique. — Pierce one of the lips of the wound from 
within to without with the needle, insert an end of the dossil 
in its eye and pass it by withdrawing the instrument. In the 
same manner pass the dossil in the other side at a point 



26 EXERCISES IN EQUINE SURGERY. 

corresponding to the first. Dispose four, six or eight in this 
manner, draw tliem tightly and tie over a roll of gauze. 

6.— Bayer's Suture. 

This is convenient for those wounds with uncovering of the 
skin where there is disruption of the subcutaneous tissue. 

Instruments. — Needles and thread, drain, quills, gauze, 
wadding and splints. 

Technique. — Unite the lips of the wound by separate sHk 
stitches, being careful to take a sufficiency of the skin along 
adjoining edges to bring the deeper structures together in 
such a manner as to produce a crest a centimeter and a half 
high (fig. G). Fix a rubber drain at the inferior angle of the 
wound. On a level with its limits pass, deeply perpendicular 
to the cut, three double threads, and make a quilled suture. 
Cover the region of the operation with a layer of gauze, then 
a layer of wadding, and compress the whole by j means of 
splints, the extremities being secured under the quills; the 
skin is then exactly secured on the subcutaneous tissue ; there 
is no dead space (fig. 7). 

VI CAUTERIZATION. 

Instruments. — Ordinary cautery for lines or points, heated 
by charcoal, coke, or by means of a blast lamp; Paquelin's 
thermo-cautery, cautery of Paquelin de Place, or zoocautery. 

Restraint. — To cauterize the various regions of the trunk, 
and the external face of the limbs, the animal is restrained in 
the standing position, if not too irritable, by employing the 
twitch, raising a limb, or using the hobbles. To cauterize the 
two faces of one or more members, operate upon the ani- 
mal while cast. If the cautery is applied to only one member, 
always begin on the internal face. If two limbs are to be 
operated upon, cauterize the internal face of one and the 
external face of the other. If two limbs are cauterized, 
operate upon the internal face of one and the external face 
of the other. When the horse is turned, it is important to 
take precautions to prevent bruising the external region 
already cauterized. 

The limb to be operated upon should be immovable, well 
secured, and the region of the operation well exposed. 



CAUTERIZATION. 27 



1. — Line Cauterization. 



Technique. — Use cauteries having the inferior edge regular, 
thin, not sharp ; very gradually convex the greater part of its 
extent, curved most at its extremities (angles blunt). Before 
placing the hot cautery upon the part, brush with a file, or 
rub it upon a brick to remove the scales to prevent them 
attaching themselves by their sharp edges. After having 
clipped the hair, trace the lines with the cautery at a dull red 
heat. The lines should be a centimeter and a half apart, 
parallel, obliquely, or perpendicular to the direction of the 
hair. The surface cauterized should always be of greater 
■extent than the diseased part. 

If it permits of a series of lines in diverse directions and 
unequal extent, the lines should neither cross nor unite ; all 
those of the same series should commence and stop a half 
centimeter from the first line of the neighboring series. The 
series of lines in different directions should not be uselessly 
multiplied ; two or three are sufficient in all cases. 

To complete the firing, use cauteries of a cherry red, never 
to a white heat ; pass successively in all the lines of the same 
series, holding the instrument perpendicular to the skin, exer- 
cise only a gentle pressure upon the handle, and never go 
against the direction of the hair. When you take a hot 
cautery, pass it rapidly in the first series of lines, slacken the 
movement little by httle as the instrument cools. Do not pass 
it twice successively in the same line with only a very brief 
interval ; before reapplying the hot iron let the heat you have 
deposited radiate for a time in the subcutaneous tissue. 

The three degrees of cauterization are characterized by the 
following signs : 

First degree or light firing : Superficial grooves of yellowish 
bi-own color, and at the bottom may be seen several drops of 
serosity. Second degree or ordinary firing : Deeper grooves of 
yellowish gilt color, abundant serosity at the bottom and 
softening of the adjoining epidermis. Third degree or severe 
firing : Furrows are deep and the walls are of a pale yellow 
color; serosity is very abundant in the lines and drops upon 
the cutaneous bands which separate them. 



28 EXERCISES IN EQUINE SURGERY. 

For light firing^ to proceed methodically, pass five or six 
times in the lines; for ordinary firing ^ eight to ten times, and 
for severe firing, twelve to fifteen times. 




Fig. 8.— Cautery for lines.— Cautery for points.— Cautery for fine points. 



2. — Cauterization in Superficial Points. 

The operation may nearly always be made upon the animal 
while standing, with a twitch applied to the upper lip. 

Technique. — Select an olivary or conic blunt point cautery 
about three millimeters in diameter (fig. 8) ; heat to a sombre 
red to mark the points, and to a cherry red to effect the 
cauterization. 

Dispose the points in quincunx (fig. 9), that is, those of 
one row corresponding to the intervals of those of the adjacent 
row, at equal distance of a centimeter to a centimeter and a 
half from each other. Nevertheless, they may be brought 
closer together toward the center of the lesion to concentrate 



CAUTERIZATION. 29 

the calorie, and increase the space towards the periphery. 
Pass successively over the different rows of points, avoiding' 
passing twice in succession in the same line. One gradually 
augments the duration of the application of the cautery to the 
same degree as it cools. 




Fig. 9.— The principal regions where the cautery is ordinarily applied. 
Canon, fetlock, pastern, and coronet of the left posterior limb; fired in 
superficial points ; pastern and coronet of th« left anterior limb fired in 
fine points,- tendon and stifle of the right limbs fired with the : 



For the degree of firing the same signs are present as in line 
firing. 

Apply the cautery five or six times for light firing, eight to 
ten for ordinary firing, and twelve to fifteen for severe firing. 



30 EXERCISES IN EQUINE SURGERY. 

3. — Firing in Fine Penetrating- Points. 

Technique. — Use a cautery with a slender point two milli- 
meters in diameter. (Fig. 8). The points are disposed 
alternately, having interspaces of eight to ten millimeters. 
Pass the cautery successively in the different rows of points, 
and exercise sufficient pressure upon the handle to penetrate 
the skin with two or three cuts of the cautery. The iron 
should not pass the deep subcutaneous tissue. 

4. — Firing with Needles. 

Technique. — Use a cautery Avith a slender point two 
millimeters or more in diameter, or one of the instruments 
especially constructed for the purpose. 

The points disposed alternately, should have interspaces of 
five to ten millimeters, depending upon the extent of the 
surface to be cauterized and the degi*ee of fli'ing. At the first 
cut, pierce the skin and make the instrument penetrate into 
the diseased tissue; fibrous, synovial, tendonous or osseous 
tissue. Pass one, two, or three times successively in the 
different rows of points. For the synovial, give only one 
application of the instrument. 

5. — Sub-cutaneous Cauterization. 

Instrnments. — Convex bistoury, forceps, retractors, and 
point or button cautery. (Fig. 10.) 




Fig. 10.— Button Cauteries. 

Technique. — First step: Incision and laying hack the skin. 
Clip the hair with the scissors or destroy it on the surface with 
.a cautery, make an incision- of eight to ten centimeters in the 



CAUTERIZATION. 



31 



skin in a vertical direction, or in the direction of the hair. 
Dissect tlie skin on eacla side, exposing the underlying tissue 
for a sufficient extent ; apply wet clothes over each of the lips 
and hold to one side by means of the retractors. (Fig. 11). 




IPig. 11.— Subcutaneous Cauterization. (After Lanzillotti Buonsanti.)* 

Becond step : Application of the Cautery. Apply a certain 
number of superficial points of greater or less depth upon the 
naked subcutaneous tissue. 

If you employ the button cautery (fig. 10), cauterize a thin 
layer of the tissue. 



* Lanzillotti Buonsanti, Tratlato di Tecnica e Tlierapeutica clm'uraica- 
Milano, 1889. 



NECK— THORAX.— ABDOMEN. 



I HYOVERTEBROTOMY. 

Restraint. — Cast the subject on the side opposite to tliat on 
•which the operation is to be performed. Hold tlie liead 
moderately extended upon the neck after having removed the 
halter. (The operation may be practiced upon the animal 
standing, after placing a twitch upon the lower lip.) 

Instruments. — Scissors, curved and straight bistouries, for- 
ceps, retractor, S sound, tape and drain. 

Technique. — First step : Incision of the skin and dissection 
of the tissues lohich cover the guttural pouch. — After having 
clipped the hair, make a cutaneous incision of three or four 
centimeters iunnediately in front of the atlas, at the middle 
third of the border of that bone. 

The skin is gently drawn forward and downward in such 
manner that the superior angle of the incision corresponds to 
the tendon of the complexus minor; divide within the extent 
of the cutaneous wound, the sub-parotidean aponeurosis, and 
avoid wounding the gland and the auricular vein ; if you come 
upon the branches of the first and second pair of cervical 
nerves, remove or divide them with the bistoury. 

AVith a retractor, an assistant draws the anterior lip of the 
incision forward (skin, gland and aponeurosis). Insert the 
index, dorsal face outwards, under the aponeurosis, detach it 
from the subjacent planes (small oblique of the head, stylo- 
hyoidean nmscle), execute lateral movements with the finger, 
pushing it forward. 

As soon as the exposure is sufficient, the index perceives this 
point — in front, the enlarged portion of the great branch of 
the hyoid ; in the rear, the styloid apophysis of the occipital ; 
between the two, the muscular plane formed by the stylo- 
hyoidean and the digastric. (Fig. 12. ) 

Second step : Puncture. — Exercise sufficient traction upon 
the retractors to enlarge the wound and permit seeing to the 

32 



HYOVERTEBROTOMY. 




Fig. 12.— Hyovertebrotomy. Parotid Eegion. 
P, parotid; T. tendon of the eomplexus minor; A, atlas; P, O, small 
obliaue of the head ; A, S, styloid process of the occipital ; H, sfreafc 
branch of the hyoid ; S, H, stylo-hyoidean muscle (occipito styloidean 
of Chauveau and Arloing, great kerato-hyoidean of Girard); D, diga- 
stric muscle; C, C, carotid artery ; M, E, external maxillary artery: 
A, A, posterior auricular artery. 



34 EXERCISES IN EQUINE SURGERY. 

depth of the field of operation, particularly the fibers of the 
stylo-hyoidean, obliquely directed downward and forward. 
The deep face of this small muscle is covered by the mucous 
of the guttural pouch. Its center is a little above the postero- 
inferior angle of the branch of the hyoid, where the puncture 
should be made. Hold the bistoury in an oblique direction 
downward and forward, the cutting edge turned toward the 
commissure of the lips; carry it in the wound, the point applied 
to the center of the stylo-hyoidean muscle, the blade parallel 
to the fibers of that muscle; puncture it, make the blade 
penetrate a centimeter into the pouch and withdraw the in- 
strument immediately. If the puncture is made too deep, one 
may strike the internal carotid or the branches of the neigh- 
boring nerves (spinal, pneumogastric, or superior cervical 
ganglion of the great sympathetic). If the cutting edge of the 
bistoury is directed upward, there is danger of wounding the 
facial nerve and posterior auricular artery; if turned down- 
wai'd, the external carotid is menaced. Engage the index 
finger in the puncture and enlarge it. 

Third step : Counter Opening. — Introduce in the pouch one 
extremity of the S sound; carry the other extemity toward the 
ear in such manner as to give the instrument a direction nearly 
parallel with the parotid ; then push it under the gland towards 
the inferior border; also make it penetrate the bottom of the 
guttural pouch, the sub-parotidean connective tissue, and 
carry the extremity to the inferior border of the gland, in the 
angle formed by the jugular and glosso-facial. When the 
extremity of the sound appears at this point, give it issue by 
making a short ihcision parallel to the inferior border of the 
parotid, in the skin and sub-cutaneous aponeurosis, raised by 
the instrument. In the same manner, gradually, prolong it 
forward and pass the tape or the drain by withdrawing the 
instrument. 



II.— TRACHAEOTOMY. 

Restraint. — Avoid injury by the front feet. Twitch the 
upper lip; hobble both fore limbs (ordinary hobbles or Le- 



TRACHAEOTOMY. 35 ' 

Goff's hobbles), or restrain the animal in the travis and fix the 
anterior members against the posts. 

Instruments. — Curved scissors, convex and straight bis- 
touries or sage knife (right) with a thin blade ; anatomical 
forceps, three tenaculums, one of which is pointed, and a 
trachaeotomy tube. 

Technique. — Fwst step : Incision and dissection of the 
tissues ivliich cover the trachea. — The head is held much ele- 
vated. Take a position in front of the subject ; clip the hair 
for a length of ten centimeters over the anterior aspect of the 
neck at the limit of the middle and superior thirds. With the 
convex bistoury make a vertical incision of five or six centi- 
meters in the skin. With a second cut of the bistoury separate 
the sterno-hyoidean and sterno-thyroidean muscles upon the 
median line ; these muscles and the cutaneous lips should be 
divided by means of the tenaculums held by two assistants ; 
the connective tissue which covers the anterior face of the 
trachea is raised with the forceps ; divide it upon the median 
line, follow by two cuts with the bistoury given flatways, the 
one to the right, and the other to the left, detaching it from 
the trachea over the prominence of two rings; the connec- 
tive laminae are included in the retractors and the rings to be 
cut are bare. 

Second step: Extirpation of part of two tracheal rings. — 
Implant the sharp pointed tenaculum from left to right in the 
inter-annular ligament ; hold it with the left hand. To the 
left of the hook and near to it, make a puncture with the 
straight bistoury or the sage knife ; with the cutting edge, near 
the point, by a saw-like movement, divide from left to right 
the superior ring, making the incision semi-elliptical ; follow 
by an incision in the inferior ring, dividing it in the same man- 
ner from right to left. Return to the starting point; the 
instrument has excised the elliptical bit of trachea which rests 
upon the point of the tenaculum. You may also cut each 
portion of the circle in two steps ; implant the blade of the 
bistoury horizontally in the middle of the superior ring, and 
divide it by making successively two curved incisions, the one 
to the left and the other to the right. The same manipulation 
for the inferior ring. (Fig. 13 ) 



EXERCISES IN EQUINE SURGERY. 



Third step : Introdiiction of the tube. — First introduce the 
inferior portion of the trachaeotomy tube and follow by insert- 




Fig. 13.— Traehaeotomy. 
The incision is prolonged above and below. Tracheal opening made 
by an incision parallel to the two rings. 

ing the ascending portion; secure it by turning the pin. If 
the tube moves, secure iunnobility by rolling a little tow upon 
the external tube between the opening and the skin. 



LARYNGEAL TRACHAEOTOMY. 37 

III. -LARYNGEAL TRACHAEOTOMY. 

This consists in the introduction of a tube at the origin of 
the trachea by an opening made in the crico-tracheal ligament. 

Restraint. — The same as for trachaeotomy. 

Ijist7-U7nents. —Scissors, bistouries, forceps, retractors and 
special trachaeotomy tube, having a light, short canula. 

Techistique. — This comprises three steps: 

First step : Incision of the skin and muscles. — The head is 
held elevated by an assistant ; take a position in front of the 
neck and explore the region of the larynx. Discover the ci'ico- 
tracheal ligament; clip the hair over the region; then make a 
cutaneous incision on the median line, from in front of the 
anterior border of the ci'ieoid to the third tracheal ring; divide 
the layer formed by the sternal and subscapulo hyoidean 
muscles, apply the blunt tenaculums or retractors, and turn 
aside the lips of the wound. 

Second step : Incision of the crico-tracheal ligament. — With 
the bistoury held horizontally, section the crico-tracheal from, 
left to right to the extent of five centimeters. 

Third step : Ap)pli(ia.tion of the tube. — In the large gaping 
opening, insert the tube as in ordinary trachaeotomy. 

IV.— ARYTENECTOMY. 

Restraint. — ^o\d,t\\e animal upon its back by means of a 
solid erosspiece passed between the hobbles of the anterior 
and posterior limbs. The head should be extended upon the 
neck in the same axis. 

Instruments. — Straight, curved and knee bent scissors, 
convex blunt pointed bistouries, speculum, long rat-tooth 
forceps, tampon canula, curved needle fixed to a handle, and 
catgut. 

Technique. — It comprises four steps: 

First step : Incision of the skin and muscles which cover the 
trachea. — Clip the hair over the region of the larynx and 
superior part of the trachea. With the convex bistoury incise ' 
the skin, the muscles which cover the larynx and prelaryngeal 
connective tissue, upon the median line to the thyroid body 
and third tracheal ring. 



38 EXERCISES IN EQUINE SURGERY. 

Cold applications are suflaeient to arrest ordinary hemor- 
rhage. 



I 



r.A 




Fig. 14.— Arytenectomy. 

The second step is accomplished, the crico-thyroidean ligament, the 
cricoid cartilage, the crico-tracheal ligament and tlie first two rings of 
the trachea are sectioned. The tampon canula and speculum are in 
position. CC, cricoid ; 1st A. first annular ring of the trachea. 

If one or more arterioles are sectioned, use torsion on the 
ends. 

Second step: Incision of the larynx and the first rings of the 
trachea. Introduction and fixation of the tampon canula. — 



ARYTENECTOMY. 



Implant in the crico-thyroidean ligament, upon the median line 
and imnaediately in front of the cricoid, the convex bistoury 
held vertically with the cutting edge to the rear; cut upon the 
median line, from front to back, the cricoid cartilage, the crico- 




Fig. 15. 

Third step : (a) Incision of the mucous membrane, along the superior 

and posterior borders of the arytenoid. For clearness of demonstration. 

the incision of the second step is prolonged in front just to the middle 

of the epiglottis, and back just to the fourth annular ring of the trachea. 

tracheal ligament and the first two rings of the trachea ; after- 
wards complete the division of the crico-thyroidean ligament 
from back to front and avoid wounding the vocal cords ; apply 
the speculum, include the mucous membrane on a level with 
the crico-tracheal ligament; insert the tampon canula and hold 
it backward by means of a band passed under the pavilion. 
(Fig. 14.) 



iO 



EXERCISES IN EQUINE SURGERY. 



Third step : Excision of the left arytenoid cartilage. — With 
the blunt-pointed bistoury incise the mucous membrane along 
the superior and posterior borders of the arytenoid (fig. 15) ; 
with the straight scissors cut the vocal cord at its insertion to 




Fig. IG. 

Third step: (h) Dissection of the arytenoid at its inferior border and 

external face. 



the cartilage, dissect it by small cuts from back forward, sec- 
tioning the mucous membrane along its inferior border, and 
the muscular fibers inserted upon its external face (fig. 16) ; 
then, Avitli the scissors held vertically, divide from above to 
below, the mucous membrane which forms the anterior border. 



ARYTENECTOMY. 



41 



The arytenoid is held immovable Avith the forceps ; section it 
from without to within near its articular angle by using the 
blunt bistoury held in a gently oblique direction downward 




Fig. 17. 

Third step : (r) Section of the arytenoid near its articular angle, 
A, laryngeal branch of the thyroid artery. 



and forward (fig. 17) ; afterward lift tlie cartilage with the 
forceps, hold the curved scissors vertically, pass them under 
the posterior part, the flat face upward, and detach the fibers 
inserted to it; (fig. 18); finally cut the mucous membrane on 
a level with the arytenoid beak. (Fig. 15.) 



42 



EXERCISES IN EQUINE SURGERY, 



Siiture.— Use a thread of catgut thirty-five to forty centime- 
ters long ; the needle is carried over the anterior lip of the 
wound, a centimeter and a half from the median line ; then 
make it pierce the mucous membrane from front to back, then 




Pig. 18. 
Third step: (cZ) Excision of the cartilage by means of the curved scissors. 

to a corresponding point on the posterior border; with a forcep 
seize the thread and bring one of the ends out; withdraw the 
needle, its eye being furnished with the other end of the 
thread. Unite the two ends of the thread with a straight knot 
without exercising traction upon the mucous membrane. 

Apply one or two other stitches in a similar manner (MoUer). 
Figs. 16 and 17. 



CATHETERIZATION OF THE CESOPHAGUS. 43 

Dressing. — Place within the laryngeal cavity two rectangular 
tampons of gauze marked by threads; remove the dilator; 
suture the deep pre-laryngeal muscles, using care to pass any 
of the threads in the tampon near their border, in order to 
secure them solidly; then suture the skin. (Fig, 18.) 

V CATHETERIZATION OF THE CESOPHAGUS. 

Restraint. — If it is desired to operate on the animal stand- 
ing, hobble both fore limbs, apply a twitch to the supeiior lip 
and hold the head in extension in order to efface the angle 
which is formed on the axis of the bucco-pharyngeal cavity, 
and the cervical portion of the oesophagus. 

The operation is simple when the animal is cast. In that 
attitude the head should also be extended upon the neck. 

Instruments. — Mouth speculum and long catheter of small 
calibre, terminated by an olivary enlargement. 

Technique. — The tongue is brought out of the mouth and 
held to the right or left by an assistant; put on the speculum 
and have it maintained in position by another assistant. The 
probang, covered with vaseline or oil, is held in both hands. It 
is engaged in the opening of the jaws, and made to penetrate 
to the depth of the bueal cavity and to the veil of the palate. 
Avoid displacements which provoke movements of the 
tongue. Arriving at the bottom of the mouth, the probang is 
arrested by the veil of the palate — a resistance easily overcome 
by a gentle effort. At the entrance of the oesophagus there is 
another resistance ; if the instrument is carefully held upon the 
median line, it suffices to push carefully to clear the oesopha- 
geal orifice. Then the probang, passed with the right hand, 
slips through the left and descends rapidly along the oesopha- 
gus. At the last portion of the conduit, where the muscles he 
very thick, the progression of the instrument is often slack- 
ened a little, but' without exerting violent movements one 
arrives at the cardiac orifice ; a sensation of overcoming resist- 
ance indicates the entrance of the probang into the stomach ; 
the stylet is withdrawn and an escape of gas is the result. 



44 EXERCISES IN EQUINE SURGERY. 

VI.— OESOPHAGOTOMY. 

Restraint. — Apply a twitch, hobble the fore feet, or use 
LeGoflE's hobbles on both hind feet and the left fore foot. 

Instruments. — Straight and curved scissors, straight and 
convex bistouries, director, dissecting forceps, fine needle and 
thread. 

Technique. — First step : Incision of the layers tohich cover 
the oesopharjus. — Make the operation on the left side at the infe- 
rior third of the neck, where the oesophagus is applied to the 
left face of the trachea. Clip the hair in the guttural groove 
for a length of fifteen centimeters. Make an incision of ten 
centimeters in the skin immediately above the jugular; follow 
Avith division of the cutaneous muscles and of the anterior part 
of the mastoido humeral. With the left thumb introduced in 
the wound, separate the anterior lip of the incision from the 
jugular, then from the carotid when dissecting the connective 
tissue on a level with that artery. Incise the laminae of cel- 
lular tissue which sheaths the oesophagus with a bistoury; do 
not tear the tissue Avith the fingers, and above all, av^oid 
detaching it below the inferior angle of the wound. 

Second step : Isolation of the Oesophagus. The oesophagus 
has not the firm consistence which it presents in the cadaver; 
in the living animal it is Aveak, soft, very mobile; often the 
fingers manipulate it without recognizing it. When the con- 
nective tissue layers, which envelop it, are entirely divided, 
its anatomical situation is almost invariably upon the left side 
of the trachea, permitting of innnediate recognition. Seize it 
between the thumb and index of the right hand, bring it out 
and pass the curved scissors under it, point forwards. 

Third step : Puncture and removal of constriction. The 
thumb of the left hand compresses the oesophagus upon the- 
scissors ; with the point of a bistoury held in the right hand, 
make a short incision of the muscular and mucous coats; 
through that opening insert a director with groove turned 
outward, in the superior part of the oesophagus; hold the 
director with the left hand, slip in the groove the back of the 
bistoury, relieve the constriction of the oesophagus, — mucous 
and muscular— for the length of several centimeters. When 



the 



CESOPHAGOTOMY. 45 

is compressed over the scissors the deglutition 



■% 




J// 



9E 


_ 


£- 






■^■- 




^1**--. 


T 


, ' 




f 




1 

r 




1 




fc^-v 





Fig. I'J.— <Esophagotomy. 
T, trachea ; O. E, oesophagus ; C, carotid. 

caused by a little saliva or a draught of liquid permits of 
making, by a single cut of the bistoury, the puncture and 



46 EXERCISES IX EQUINE SURGERY. 

relief of constriction, witliout any danger of piercing tlie oppo- 
site mucous wall. 

Fourth step : Suture. — With the oesophagus lying upon the 
scissors, by means of the forceps and fine needles, suture the 
mucous coat alone. Tlie ordinary overcast suture is sufficient. 
(Colin). 

If fluids collect in the inferior part of the Avound, incise the 
skin and adjacent layers to the bottom of the cul-de-sac. 

YII.— CERVICAI. DESMOTOMY. 

Restraint. — Cast the animal; twitch the upper lip; hold the 
head extended. 

Instruments. — Scissors and tenotomy knives. 

Technique. — Make the operation at any point whatever at 
the superior part of the neck, along the cervical ligament. 
Clip the hair, implant the blade of the straight tenotome in 
the deep part of the neck, innnediately in front of the inferior 
border of the cervical cord; introduce into the Avound the 
curved tenotome, turn the cutting edge toward tbe ligament 
and cut it after having flexed the head. 

YIII.— RE-SECTION OF PART OF THE SPINOUS 
PROCESSES OF THE WITHERS. 

Restraint — Cast the animal; twitch the superior lip. 

/;i.s^?-?fmen^6-. — Scissors, bistouries, sequestrum forceps, scis- 
sors bent on the flat, rubber drain, Avadding, needles and 
thread. 

Technique. — Clip the mane and hair over the withers and 
posterior part of the neck. At the summit of the withers 
make a median cutaneous incision fifteen to twenty centi- 
meters long. Separate from each side the layers of musculo- 
aponeurosis that are attached to the superior part of the 
spint)us apophysis (the aponeurosis of the cervical and dorsal 
trapezius, rhomboideus, aponeurosis common to the splenius, 
the complexus minor and the anterior serratus. ) Take up 
Avith the forceps, and ligate the principal A^essels that bleed. 

AVith the bistoury or a sage knife, cut the supra-spinous 
ligament transA'ersely in front and rear of the apophysis to be 



THORACENTISIS. 47 

excised. With the chisel and hammer make the resection two 
or three centimeters from the top of tlie isolated segments. 
At the bottom of the wound and anteriorly make a lateral 
counter opening ; insert a drain and attach it to the skin. 
Bandage with Avadding. Make a dossO. suture. 

IX.— THOKACENTISIS. 

Restraint. — Twitch; raise the anterior limb on the side 
opposite that on which you wish to operate. 

Instruments. — Convex bistoury and capillary trocar. 

Technique. — With the horse, the effusion in tlie pleura is 
neai'ly always double, for, with veiy rare exceptions, the two 
pleural cavities communicate ; one limits himself to the punc- 
ture of the right pleura. 

Place yourself on a line with the hypochondriac region. 
Clip the hair near the seventh intercostal space a little above 
the spur vein, and make a short vertical slit (button-hole) with 
the bistoury. Take the trocar and eanula, hold it in the right 
hand, fix it solidly against the palm with the thumb and index 
finger guided along the eanula, the point passing two centi- 
meters beyond the ends of the fingers ; within the lips of the 
Avound, make it penetrate perpendicularly into the thorax by 
a double movement of pressure and torsion. Afterwards with- 
draw the trocar from the eanula. 

If you puncture the left side, operate within the eighth in- 
tercostal space and hold the trocar in an oblique dh-ection 
from front to rear. 

X.— PARACEI^TISIS. 

Restraint. — Twitch; raise the left posterior hmb. 

Instruments. — Convex bistoury and capillary trocar. 

Tech^'IQUe. — Puncture of the abdomen may be made on the 
median line at equal distance from the pubis and xiphoid 
appendix of the sternum, or at the dependent portion of the 
left flank. 

After having clipped the hair over the region selected for 
operation, make a small incision in the skin. Take the capil- 
lary trocar and eanula, hold it as directed for thoracentisis 



48 EXERCISES IN EQUINE SURGERY. 

and take a position on a line Avith tlie left hypochondriac 
region, the knees bent; make the penetration into the abdo- 
men by a double movement or pressure and rotation. Seize 
the canula with the thumb and index of the left hand; with- 
draw the trocar with the other. 

XI.— ENTEROTOMY. 

Restraint. — Twitch; raise the right fore limb. 

Instmments. — Convex bistoury and trocar of small calibre 
(nested trocar). 

Tkchxique. — To puncture the caecum, the place to be 
selected is the hollow of the right flank at equal distances 
from the angle of tlie haunch, the last rib and the transverse 
processes of the lumbar vertebrje, or a little above this point. 

Take a position facing the flank, clip the hair over the point 
where you wish to operate, and make a small incision with the 
bistoury. Hold the trocar in the left hand perpendicular to 
the surface of the flank, the point carried into the incision ; 
with one stroke given upon the handle with the paliii of the 
right hand, make the instrument penetrate into the flexure of 
the caecum. Hold tlie eanula in the left hand, withdraw the 
trocar with the other. 

XII.— CATHETEKIZATIOX OP THE URETHRA 
IN THE HORSE. 

Restraint. — Apply a twitch to the upper lip, hobble the 
posterior limbs, pass the line between the anterior limbs, cross 
it and have it held by an assistant. 

Instruments. — Long catheter of gum-elastic or of rubber, 
furnished with a stylet and coated with vaseline. 

Technique. — After having emptied the rectum, take a posi- 
tion even with the right flank, engage the right hand in the 
sheath, seize the head of the penis ; by gentle and continued 
traction bring that organ out, and have it held by an assistant. 
Take the catheter provided with a stylet, introduce the slender 
extremity into the urethral tube and pass the instrument 
slowly into the urethra to the level of the ischial curve ; to 
make the passage more easy in that region, withdraw the 



URETHROTOMY. 49 

stylet for a length of fifteen centimeters ; the canula curves 
inward and becomes engaged within the pelvic portion of the 
urethra; repass the stylet and continue the catheterization 
until the catheter arrives in the bladder. If the catheter is 
too rigid to curve inward at the ischial curvature, exert very 
gentle pressure upon its extremity while an assistant passes it ; 
or, perhaps engage the hand in the rectum and guide the 
catheter to the bladder. The stylet is withdrawn, the urine 
flows. It is rarely necessary to effect pressure upon the blad- 
der by the hand introduced in the rectum. 

The retraction of the catheter offers no difficulty ; it is suffi- 
cient to exercise gentle traction associated with semi-rotary 
movements. The re-introduction of the stylet is useless. 

In practice the operation should always be made aseptic. 

XIII — URETHROTOMY. 

Restraint. — The same preparatory measures as for catheteri- 
zation. Hold the tail elevated on the median line. 

Instruments. — Straight bistoury, director, lithotomy forceps, 
and a syringe provided with a slender canula. 

Technique. — The operation is performed at the superior 
part of the perineum on a level with the urethral curvature. 

Empty the rectum ; an assistant secures the penis ; fill the 
sjT-'inge, engage the canula in the inferior part of the urethra, 
direct the assistant to compress the head of the penis upon the 
base of the canula, but permitting the orifice of the syringe to 
be free. The operation consists of two steps. 

1st. Large puncture of the tirethra. — While the assistant is 
injecting the liquid in the urethra, place yourself behind the 
horse and watch the distention of the canal (fig. 20). When 
the part where you wish to operate appears well in relief, 
discontinue the injection. The assistant who holds the penis 
continues the compi-ession, and, by occluding the urethral 
opening, prevents the escape of the liquid. The operatory act 
essential to urethrotomy is one of extreme simplicity. It con- 
sists in the puncture with division of the urethral wall. It 
should be accomplished at a single step. With the left hand 
exercise gentle traction below upon the skin of the perineum. 



50 EXERCISES IN EQUINE SURGERY. 

The straight bistoury is held as a reversed fiddle bow in a. 
slightly oblique direction upward and forward ; it is implanted 
desply upon the median line, iunnediately above the ischial 
arch, in the axis of the enlargement formed by the distended 
urethra. The penetration of the canal is made known by the 



iC 



~'^i 




c —•- - 



BO 



Fig. 20.— Perineal and Caudal Region. 

0, Suspensory ligament of the penis ; C B, bulbo-cavernosus muscle ; S C, 

inferior sacro-coocygeal muscle; I C, ischio- coccygeal muscle. 

escape of a jet of liquid. Whether the animal retracts or not, 
do not withdraw the instrument quickly in the direction which 
you have given it at the time of the puncture. Bring the 
hand uj^ward, divide the superior wall of the canal and the 
tissues which cover it for a length of two or three centimeters 
If the puncture is too small, introduce a director, groove 
upward, upon the index of the left hand, and with the straight 
bistoury eifect the division. The hemorrhage is not profuse 



INGUINAL KELOTOMY. 51 

except in case the bulbar artery is cut. In that ease, tam- 
ponize or make a mediate hgature at tlie superior extremity. 

Second stejJ : IntrocUbction of the lithotomy forceps in the 
bladder. — Apply the radial border of the left hand palmar sur- 
face upward, upon the perineum, immediately below the punc- 
ture. The lithotomy forceps are held in the right hand, with the 
concave edge of the spoon turned down, introduce it into the 
"wound and slip over the palmar surface of the left hand, then 
engage it in the intra-pelvic portion of the urethra and in the 
bladder. You may also guide the instrument upon the index 
introduced in the canal. 

XIV INGUINAL KELOTOMY. 

Restraint. — Cast the animal on the side opposite to that on 
"which you wish to operate. Afterwards place it in the same 
position as for effecting perforation of the inguinal canal, the 
posterior superficial limb maintained upon the corresponding 
shoulder or brought into a state of abduction by two ropes, 
one fixed in the direction of the neck, the other perpendicular 
to the vertebral column. 

Instruments. — Scissoi-s, concave and straight bistouries, S 
sound, director, blunt pointed bistoury, catgut or clamp and 
castration forceps. 

Technique. — Introduce an intestinal loop into the vaginal 
sheath, in the following manner : Effect laparotomy on a line 
■with the left flank ; draw a loop of small intestine out of the 
abdominal cavity; tie it to the S sound with a dossil, which is 
passed around it and through the eye of the sound ; introduce 
the other extremity of the sound in the abdomen; pass it into 
the vaginal sheath until it arrives at the bottom ; puncture the 
scrotum when it comes in contact with the wall and draw it 
out at this point ; it carries the intestinal loop to which it is 
attached with it; an artificial intestinal hernia is thus pro- 
duced. Cut the tape and unite the two ends with a string ; 
afterwards the loop may be re-introduced into the sheath if it 
should get out. 

First step: Incision of the scrotum and enucleation. — Accom- 
plish the incision and enucleation as in castration by the use 
of clamp in the covered operation. 



3 EXERCISES IN EQUINE SURGERY. 

Second step: Incision of the vaginal sheath. — With the 




Pie 



21.— Strangulated ingriiinul hernia. The external wall and the 
vaginal bheath are incised. 



AC, crural arch; PO, small oblique muscle of the abdomen; CG, 
incision of the sheath (external face) ; I, intestine ; C, testicular cord. 

point of a convex bistoury make a straight incision in the 



INGUINAL KELOTOMY. 53 

three deep layers of the scrotum towards the posterior ex- 
tremity of the testicle; engage the director in the incision par- 
allel to the inferior border of the gland; the groove should be 
turned toward the envelopes ; divide it from within outward 
by slipping a straight bistoury in the director. The testicle 
and intestine are thus exposed. 

Third step : Dividing the neck of the sheath. — Towards the 
middle of each of the lips, resulting from the division of the 
deep envelopes of the scrotum, or upon the double lips of the 
scroto-dartois layers, apply artery forceps having large jaws, 
and have an assistant spread them apart. If you operate upon 
the left, carry the index of the left hand, pulp upward, to the 
bottom of the sheath and engage it in the ring; afterwards 
slip the flat side of a blunt-pointed bistoury upon the palmar 
face; when its point passes through the ring, execute a quarter 
of a revolution on the axis of the instrument in such manner 
as to turn the cutting edge outward against the serous mem- 
brane ; by a gentle sawing movement, divide the ring. 

Fourth step : Reduction. — The lips of the sheath are always 
held apart and the testicular cord moderately stretched; 
return the intestinal loop into the abdomen by gentle pressure 
frequently repeated, beginning at its superior part. 

Fifth step : Ligature or application of a clamp. — Bring 
down the lips of the sheath against the cord, tie it, or fix the 
clamp high upon the cord and covering, and cut off the testi- 
cle two centimeters below. 

If you wish to use torsion upon the sheath, — an excellent 
operation to efface the opening just at the ring and avoid a 
recurrence in the case of chronic inguinal hernia, — modify the 
second and fifth steps as follows : 1st, enucleate the scroto- 
dartois as high as possible ; 2d, cover the cords with the deep 
envelopes and execute two or three turns upon its axis before 
applying the clamp. 



54 EXERCISES IN EQUINE SURGERY. 

XV CASTRATIOIS^ OF THE HORSE. 

Restraint. — Cast the animal upon his left side; apply the 
twitch to the upper lip; attach a rope to the canon of the right 
posterior limb, pass it from above downward under the neck, 
then from before backward over the adjacent part of the loop 
and under the limb to be displaced ; unhobble the limb and by- 
drawing upon the rope, perpendicular to the vertebral column, 
bring the foot on a line with the shoulder of the corresponding 
fore limb; slip the rope toward the fetlock and pass it around 
the canon. Two assistants should be instructed to maintain 
the line in that position. 

General Directions. — Be assured that there is no chronic 
inguinal hernia. Except while proceeding -with the torsion, 
the operation should be rapidly executed. Begin with the 
inferior testicle. 

1. — Castration "with Clamps. 

Instruments. — Conxex bistoury, scissors, clamps, cord or 
metallic rings, forceps, etc. 

First step : Castration roitli the Testicles Covered. 

TECHXigtiE. — Fir.'it stej) : Prehension of the Testicle. The 
left hand, with the fingers extended, the thumb separated from 
the index, the palmar face applied to the skin, is placed in 
front of the enlargement formed by the gland; the right hand, 
with the fingers disposed in tlie same manner, is placed behind. 
Bring the hands together, engaging them deeply under the 
testicle. With the left hand enclose the cord at its superior 
part. AVhen the testicle is well down the cord should be 
immediately seized. If the gland makes a half turn upon the 
cord, return it to the normal position before securing it. 

Second step : Incision of the scrotum, the dartois and the 
suh-dartois connective tissue. — With the convex bistoury held 
as a fiddle bow, incise the scrotum and dartois the full length 
of the inferior border of the testicle by a single act. 

The compression exercised by the fingers of the left hand 
should bring out the testicle covered by the deep envelopes. 
With a gentle hand incise the sub-dartois connective layers; 
the aponeurosis of the cremaster muscle appears with its nar- 



CASTRATIOX OF THE HOKSE. 



cous color; the action of the bistoury is marked upon its 
superficial fibers. 



\ 




#S,4*i#feE^S&«^^Sf 



^- 



Fig. 22.— Testicle and cords. 



T C, covered testicle ; T D, exposed testicle ; P Y, vascular portion of 
the cord; CD, vas deferens. 



Tliird step : Enucleation of the testicle. — Lay aside the 
bistoury; with tlae fingers of the riglat hand introduced in the 



56 EXERCISES IN EQUINE SURGERY. 

wound, the thumb on the same side as the left, by a double 
pressing and spreading movement engage them between the 
sub-dartois connective tissue and the fourth layer, which is 
formed without by the ereinaster and within by the fibrous 
tunic. 

Seize the testicle with the right hand, the thumb applied 
upon the superior face and the fingers upon tlie inferior; Avith 
the thumb and index of the left hand, liberate the cord high 
in front and laterally, from the incised tissues. Take the cord 
in the left hand, the thumb applied upon the cremaster; with 
the index or the thumb of the right hand, perforate and tear 
the dense connective tissue which tightly unites the epididymis 
to the dartois in the rear of the testicle. 

Fourth step: Application of the clamps. — The testicle is 
held in the right hand, thumb above, and the superficial 
envelopes removed for four or five centimeters beyond the 
epididymis; put on the clamp with the left hand; proceed from 
before backward upon the inferior part of the cord, and 
pinching the epididymis and also the scrotum; that hand 
should also bring the two parts of the clamp together behind 
the cord. An assistant slips a loop of cord, having a knot as 
for phlebotomy, over the branches of the clamp; the right 
hand holds the ends. The assistant applies the clamp forceps 
and brings them together with considerable force. To direct 
the movements and to avoid pulling on the cords, place the 
right hand upon the forceps and draw the twine tightly with 
the left. Tie with a straight knot. Remove the forceps and 
cut the twine a centimeter from the knot. Instead of using 
twine to bind the clamp you may use clamps having conic 
branches; bring them together with tlie forceps and secure 
them by slipping on metallic rings. 

The same manipulation for the other testicle. 

2 — Castration Avitli Uncovered Testicles. 

Technique. — The first step is effected in the same manner 
as in castration with covered testicles. 

Second step: Incision of the envelojjes. — With the convex 
bistoury held like a fiddle bow, make a long incision through 



CASTRATION OF THE HORSE. 57 

all the envelopes that comprise the parietal layers of the 
vaginal sheath. One or two cuts with the bistoury should be 
sufficient to effect this division. 

Third step : Enucleation. — Hold the testicle in the right 
hand, remove the envelopes with the left ; tlien the thumb and 
index seizes the cord at its inferior part. The right hand 
makes a liberal thrust at the cord on a level of the white mus- 
cle, a little beyond the epididymis, with tlie straight bistoury, 
the cutting edge turned backward, and section tlie posterior 
part of the cord. 

Fourth step: Application of the clamp. — Place it a little 
higher on the cord tlaan in tlie covered operation. 

Fifth step : Excision of the testicle. — Amputate the gland 
by cutting tlie cord immediately above the epididymis. The 
same manipulation for the other testicle. 

3. — Castration Tvitli the Cords Covered. 

Technique. — The first step is effected in the same manner 
as in the castration with uncovered testicle. 

Second step : Incision of the envelopes. — First divide the 
scrotum and tlie dartois over the middle or posterior third of 
the testicle; afterwards make an incision in the deep envelopes 
of a little less extent. 

Third step: Enucleation of the testicle. — Exercise pressure 
with the fingers of the left hand upon the two faces of the 
gland ; this pressure, little by little, causes the testicle to pro- 
ject between the lips of the incision, at the same time the 
envelopes return unequally upon the cords ; the scrotum and 
dartois are easily separated from tlie deep envelopes, which 
surround the front and sides of the testicle — the fibrous tunic 
covered by the cremaster and the sub-dartois layers. 

Continue exercising pressure with the left hand ; soon the 
incision in the fibrous and serous tunics enlarge ; the testicle 
comes out. 

Fourth step : Application of the damp. — The clamp should 
be placed over the cord covered with the inferior part of the 
deep envelopes (serous and fibrous tunic, and cremaster). The 
scrotum and dartois are folded above, the left hand seizes the 



58 EXERCISES IN EQUINE SURGERY. 

extremity of the epididymis and exercises traction behind upon 
the deep envelopes; the tliumb is carried into tlie anterior 
vaginal cul-de-sac, draws downward and forward in the same 
manner near to the epididymis. An assistant places the clamp 
from before backward upon the cord thus covered.* 

There is nothing particular as to the mode of securing the 
clamps. 

Fourth step : Removal of the testicle. — Amputate by catting 
the cord two centimeters above the testicle. 

2. — Castration by Ldniited Torsion. 

Jnstfumeuts. — Convex and straight bistouries, forceps, 
artery forceps, catgut or silk. 

(o). — Torsion by Two Incisions. 

TECHNiguK. — Effect the first, second and third steps as in 
castration with clamps, with testicles uncovered. 

Fourth step : Torsion and rupture of the cords. — The testi- 
cle is supported with the left hand ; apply the stationary for- 
ceps below over the vascular portion of the cord four centime- 
ters above the epididymis; seize that part between the jaws of 
the forceps, secure its limbs by a hook with which it should 
be provided, and have it held by an assistant. 

Then take the movable forceps, grasp the cord a centimeter 
below the stationary forceps; bring the branches together 
tightly and secure them. Twist the cord from left to right, 
making a pivot upon the fixed forcep. Ten to fifteen turns, 
depending upon the size of the cord, wall be sufficient to com- 
pletely rupture the cord. If the torsion has been effectual, 
there will be no hemorrhage. If the blood flows, apply the 
artery forceps upon the testicular artery or ligate it. 

(6). — Torsion by only One Incision. 

Technique. — First step) : Prehension of the left testicle. — 
The testicle is grasped with the left hand and brought near the 
center of the scrotal pouch. 

* Degive. Castration par le proced^ a cordous couverts. Annal. de 
med. vet., 1889, p. 30. 



CASTRATION OF THE HORSE. 59 

Second step : Incision of the scrotum and dartois. — Make 
an iLicision in these membranes, upon the median hne, at the 
posterior part of the scrotum, suffleiently large to permit the 
eventration of the testicle. 

Third step: Incision of the deep envelopes. — Incise these 
membranes backward towards the posterior extremity of the 
testicle by making a straight incision corresponding to that in 
the scrotum and dartois. Lay aside the bistoury, and cause 
the eventration of the testicle by pressing upon it with the left 
hand and seizing it with the right. 

Torsion is made either upon the whole cord or only upon the 
vascular portion. 

The same manipulation for the other testicle.* 

3. — Aseptic Castration.t 

Instruments. — Convex bistoury, silk or large catgut, and 
suture needle. Observe all precautions that are necessary for 



Technique.— -FM-.si method. — Effect the first, second and 
third steps, as in the castration, by means of clamps, with testi- 
cles uncovered. 

Fourth step : Ligate. — At two or three centimeters above 
the epididymis, bind the cord and draw tightly. 

Fifth step : Removal of the testicle. — Cut the cord a centi- 
meter below the ligature. 

Sixth step : Suture. — Unite the scroto-dartois lips by inter- 
rupted sutures, and cover the cut by a layer of coUodian and 
iodoform. 

The same manipulation for the right testicle. 

Second method. — Make a median line incision of the superfi- 
cial envelopes and apply the ligature upon the covered cords. 
Suture and close. 

Third method. — Divide all the envelopes and ligate the 
uncovered cords. Suture and close. 



* Jacoulet, Castration par torsion born^e. Bull, de la Soc. cent, de 
med. vet., 1893, p. 45. 

t Baybe. Castration unter antiseptischen Cautelen und Hellung per 
primam intentionem. Monatsschr. des Vereines der Thierarzte in 
■Oesterreich, 1881, p. 163. 



60 EXERCISES IN EQUINE SURGERY. 

XVI.— CASTRATION OF THE CRYPTOKCHID. 

(a). — By Perforating^ the Inguinal Canal. 

Restraint. — Cast the animal on the side opposite to that on 
which you wish to operate ; by means of a rope carry the pos- 
terior superficial member forward over the corresponding 
shoulder, or hold it in abduction as for inguinal hernia by 




AGO 



Pig. 23.— Section of the walls of the left inguinal canal made in a line from 
the middle of the inferior inguinal ring to the external angle of the 
ilium. Inner segment. 

P A, skin; C D, dartois tunic; F S D, sub-dartoid connective tissue; 
AGO. aponeurosis of the external oblique; L A, posterior margin of 
that ring ; 1 1, inguinal canal filled with connective tissue ; P O, inter- 
nal oblique muscle; A T. fiponeurosis of the transverse muscle; P. peri- 
toneum ; A R C, crural arch ; A P C, crural facia; A I, external angle of 
the ilium ; A V D, section of the muscles covered by the crural arch. 



means of two ropes, one drawn in the direction of the neck 
and the other perpendicular to the vertebral column. 



CASTRATION OF THE CRYPTORCHID. 



61 



1st — Belgian Operation 

Instruments. — Convex bistoury and artery forceps. 
Technique. — First step : Incision of the scrotum and dar- 
tois and dissection of the suh-dartoid tunic. — With the convex 



M.P 



AGO 




C.T --^- 



LP 




A,.-.^- 




CJ LA A55 CT; 

Fig. 24.— Inguinal interstice seen from tbe flank. The external commis- 
sure of the inf prior insfuinal ring is sectioned. The great aponeurosis is 
divided a little in front of the line where it is doubled. The small 
ohlique is rem^ived from the crural arch just at the internal commissure 
of the interstice. 

A R O. Crural arch ; P 0, Small oblique muscle : C T, Internal commissure 
of the inguinal passage; A G O, Aponeurosis of the great oblique incised, 
its edgos senarated ; C, I, Internal commissure of tbe inferior inguinal 
ring; C E. External commissure sectioned; L A, Anterior lin; L P. Pos- 
terior lip; A S, Dotted line indicating the situation of the superior 
inguinal ring ; L, Dotted line showing the height at which the opening 
should be made in the oneration on the abdominal cryptorchid ; AH, 
Angle of the haunch ; M P, Posterior limb held in abduction. 

bistoury make an incision of twelve to fifteen centimeters 
from before backward in the skin and dartois. Then, near the 



63 EXKRCISF.S IN 1 QUINE SU.IGKKY. 

center of that ring and following the saiue line, make a small 




I'ig. 25.— Transverse vertical secli'>n of the posterior abdominal region, 
showing part of the sub-himbar ilial and pre-pubic regions (normal 
stallion;. 

?. peritoneum; A A P. posterior abdominal artery; V A P, posterior 
abdominal vein; A S, superior annular ring; C T, testicular cord; CD. 
vas deferens; A P, tissue layer enclosing the superior border of 
Poupart's ligament, the posterior border of the internal oblique, the 
cremaster, tbe sub-peritoneal layer and peritoneum; A (/, Poupart's 
ligament turned downward ; its deep face ; L A J, long abductor of the 
leg; A L I, lumbo-iliac aponeurosis; P I, iliacus; G P, psoas-magnus; 
T P P, tendon of the psoas parvus; B. pelvic cavity; R, section of the 
rectum ; V, bladder; LL. lateral ligaments of the bladder ^ith obliter- 
ated umblieal ligaments. 

incision in the sub-dartoid connective fascia; introduce the 



CASTRATION OF THE CRYPTORCHID. 



thumbs back to back and enlarge it by spreading. In this! 
manner divide it throughout its extent to the inferior inguinal 
ring. 




GD. 

rig. 26.— A vertical transverse section of the posterior abdominal region, 
showing the superior insertion and disposition of the internal obliaue 
and cremaster muscles as seen from in front. The peritoneum, the 
sub-peritoneal layers and the transverse muscle are removed. 

PO, internal obliaue muscle; BPO, its posterior border; C, superior 
part of the cremaster (that muscle is cut within a few centimeters of 
its origin); GD, great straight abdominal muscle; A I, dotted line, 
indicating the position of the inferior inguinal ring; A S, dotted line 
corresponding to the superior inguinal ring ; L, dotted line traced at the 
height where the hand reaches the peritoneum in operating upon the 
abdominal eryptorchid; B, pelvis; V, bladder; E, rectum. 

Second step : Penetration of the deep layera of the ahdom- 
inal wall. — Use the riglit hand if you operate upon the right 



64 



EXERCISES IN EQUINE SURGERY. 



side, and the left if you operate upon the left. The fingers 
are arranged as a cone, the hand is introduced into the 

L.M 

W . - 




Fig. 27.— Prepubian and inguinal regions as seen from below. The figure 
shows on each of the median line, the inferior inguinal ring and the 
entrance to the inguinal canal. 

CI, inner commissure of the inferior inguinal ring; C E, external com- 
missure of the same ring; L I, internal lip; L E, external lip ; PO, 
internal oblique muscle; T, testicle covered by the vaginal tunic, and 
descended as far as the inferior inguinal ring (inguinal cryptorchid) ; 
G, fibrous band, representing a remnant of the gubernuculum; L. 
dotted line, showing the situation and direction of the opening made in 
the internal oblique in the Danish method, as described by Bang and 
Moller; T A, common tendon of the abdominal muscle; C P, section 
of the penis ; P, skin ; L M, dotted line traced upon the median line. 



inguinal canal within the ring, the elbow^ directed toward the 
pubic symphsis, and the extremities of the fingers in contact 



CASTRATION OF THE CRYPTORCHID. 65 

■with the crural arch. Direct them outwards toward the exter- 
nal angle of the ilium, straight to the lumbar arch, or a little 
to the rear. In passing through the canal, make progression 
by executing a double movement of propulsion and semi-rota- 
tion, with gradual spreading of the fingers, and avoid injury to 
the internal commissure of the canal. Separate in this way 
Poupart's ligament and the small oblique muscle to the bottom 
of the inguinal canal. On arriving there the peritoneum is 
recognized and the intestinal loops are felt through that mem- 
brane. 

Penetrate the serous membrane by pushing strongly upon 
the end of the index or tearing it between the thumb and 
finger. Enlarge the opening in the same manner as used for 
penetrating the canal, until two fingers or the whole hand can 
be introduced into the peritoneal cavity. 

2. — Danish Method. 

Instruments. — Convex bistoury, director, curved needles 
and silk thread. 

Technique. — The first step is the same as in the Belgian 
method. 

Second stej) : Perforation of tlie internal oblique muscle. — 
Tear the connective tissue at the inguinal opening as in the 
Belgian method. Expose the small oblique muscle toward the 
external commissure of the canal and at a certain height. 
When the muscle is well stretched toward the end of an inspir- 
ation, perforate it with the spatulate end of the director by 
making a simple button-hole-like incision parallel to the fibres ; 
enlarge it, always using the director, sufficiently large for the 
introduction of two fingers. If you operate upon the left, 
introduce the index and great finger of the left hand in the 
muscle wound. When the abdominal wall is stretched at the 
close of an inspiration, perforate and pass through the perito- 
neum by active pressure upon the fingers. Enlarge the wound 
parallel to the muscle fibers if you wish to introduce the hand 
into the abdominal cavity. If the intestine tends to escape 
apply a very wet tampon. 



66 EXERCISES IN EQUINE SURGERY. 

If you operate upon the right side perforate the abdominal 
"wall with the index and large fingers of the hand correspond- 
ing. 

(6) — Liaparotomy. (See page 72.) 

XVII.— AMPUTATION OF THE PENIS. 

Restraint. — Cast the animal upon the left side; the right 
posterior limb is carried on a line with the corresponding 



r 



-^m. 




Fig, 28— Amputation of the penis. 
Pt penis; CP, cut portion of the penis, corpus-cavernosum ; MU, mucous 
coat; M Pe, mucous and skin sutured; S, catheter introduced into th& 
urethra. 

shoulder as for castration, and held in that position by two 
assistants. 

Tnstriiments. — Bistouries, ordinary forceps, artery forceps, 
fine needles and thread, and director. 

Technique. — An assistant seizes the head of the penis, and 
draws it moderately; another exercises gentle traction upon 
the skin towards the base of the organ. Make a circular in- 
cision upon the superior and lateral faces of the penis, limiting 
it at the line of incision between the lateral and inferior faces. 



CATHETERIZATION OF THE URETHRA IN THE MARE. 67 

This incision is completed by two others which start at its ex- 
tremities, converge backward and unite upon the median line 
five centimeters further. Within the area of the triangular 
strip thus limited, excise the tissues which cover the urethra. 
Expose it, dissect it a little beyond the circular incision and cut 
it transversely one to two centimeters in front of that incision. 
Introduce a director into the exposed portion, with its groove 
turned toward the inferior wall, and with a bistoury guided by 
the director, divide that wall upon the median line. Unite the 
mucous lips to the corresponding skin by discontinuous stitches. 
(Fig. 28). Cut the body of the corpus-cavernosum transversely 
with the circular incision, tie the dorsal artery, bring down the 
skin in front of the stump, bring their lateral edges together 
upon the median line and take two or three stitches. 

Tou may also make the section of the corpus-cavernosum 
first, then dissect the urethra, split it, and suture to the skin. 
The dissection of the urethra is facilitated by the introduction 
of a catheter in the canal. * 



XVIII.— CATHETERIZATION OF THE URETHRA 
IX THE MARE. 

Restraint. — The same general directions as for passing the 
catheter in the horse. 

Instruments. — Metallic or gum elastic catheter about twenty 
centimeters long. 

Technique.— The urethral opening is situated ten to fifteen 
centimeters from the entrance of the vulva, below a large 
valve stretched transversely across the inferior wall of that 
cavity at its entrance into the vagina. Conduct the index of 
the left hand to the opening by spreading the lips of the vulva; 
slip a catheter along the finger; engage it in the urethral canal 



*This method, described in human surgery, is superior to all others; if 
well executed it avoids stricture of the urethra. Prior to us Hakkison 
had recommended it upon the horse. (T/(e Veterinanj Journal. 1885, p. l.) 
Prof. A. Liautard has been performing it also since 1879-80. 



68 EXERCISES IN EQUINE SURGERY. 

and pass it into the bladder. There is no folding of mucous 
meuibrane to arrest the instrument in the niare as in tlie cow. 




Fig. 29.— Vertical median antero-posterior section of the uro-genital or- 
gans of the mare. 

O, ovary ; C G, left cornua ; U, uterus ; L L, broad ligament ; V A, vagina; 
V, bladder; R, rectum. C R. recto-vaginal cul-de-sac; C V, vesico-va- 
ginal cul-de-sac ; C S, superior cul-de-sac ; C I, inferior cul-de-sac ; G B, 
section of the pelvis ; P A. abdominal wall. 



XIX OVARIOTOMY. 

Restraint. — To operate upon the animal wliile lying down, 
secure the limbs in the hobbles! (The manipulations are ex- 
ecuted perhaps with greater ease when the animal is controlled 
while standing, in the post travis, the posterior limbs being 
fixed to the posts by ropes, the tail held elevated on the median 
line or tied to a rope which passes over the cross-bar of the 
travis back of the quarter,) 

Instruments. — Bistoury cache and ecrasure (fig. 31). 



OVARIOTOMY. 



Technique. — First step: Puncture of the vagina and enlarge- 

L-.VL 



B. ---:.'- 




PA. 



Fig. 30.— Transverse section of the posterior abdominal region, made in 

front of the first lumbar vertebrae, showing the position of ttie uterus. 

its superior face, and insertion of the ovaries to the broad ligament as 

they occur in the mare. 
O, ovary; C, cornua; U, uteru's; L L. broad ligament; I?, section of the 

rectum ; E, pelvis ; P A, abdominal wall ; 1st V L, first lumbar vertebrae. 



ment of tlie opening with t7ie fiigers. — 'Explore the vagina and 
cause its dilation. When the walls are stretched withdraw the 



70 



EXERCISES IN EQUINE SURGERY. 



hand; take the bistoury with the blade returned and carry it 
to the bottom of the vagina. 



\^ 



Fig 31.— Bistoury cache. 
A. bistoury with movable blade; B, bistoury with guard. 



At one or two fingers' width from the os uteri malie a short 
puncture on tlie median hne of the vaginal wall. To accom- 
plish this, hold the bistoury in the full hand in a nearly hori- 



OVARIOTOMY. 



71 



zontal or slightly oblique direction, point forward ; project the 
blade for its whole length with the thumb, follow with a brisk 
arm action, carrying the blade forward ; return the blade and 
explore the wound ; if the perforation is complete, withdraw 




Fig. 32.— Antero-posterior section of the abdominal cavity and pelvis, 
made on the median line, showing the genital organs in the mare. 
Ovariotomy. Second step: Removing the left ovary; the instrument is 
in position, the chain surrounds the ovarian ligament; the gland is held 
in the right hand. 

O. ovary; U, uterus; Y A. vagina; C D, section of the right cornua; C G, 
leftcornua; L L, broad ligament; E. eerasure; R. rectum; C R, recto- 
vaginal cnl-de-sae; C S, superior cul-de-sac ; P A, abdominal wall ; C B, 
section of the pelvic bone. 



the instrument; if the peritoneum is not pierced, give it a 
second cut with the bistoury. 

After having laid the instrument aside enlarge the opening 
with the fingers until it will permit the entrance of the whole 
hand into tlie peritoneal cavity. To arrive at the ovary on one 
side or the other, follow the uterus and the corresponding cor- 
nua; at its extremity you will find the gland. 



73 EXERCISES IN EQUINE SURGERY. 

Second step: Seizing, and removal of the ovary. — The hand is 
maintained in a line with the vaginal perforation; pass the 
ecrasure along the forearm and guided by the hand to the ovary. 
With the fingers dispose the chain in the form of a loop, enclos- 
ing the ovary. Seize the ovary below the chain and cut the 
pedicle by a slow movement of the ecrasure (fig. 32). Remove 
it from below and bring the gland out in the hand. 

The same manipulations for the other ovary. 



XX.— LAPAROTOMY. 

Restraint.— C{iiiiW\Q animal upon the right side, draw the 
left posterior limb backward. 

Instriunents. — Scissors, bistouries, artery forceps, director, 
drain, needles and thread to suture. 

Tkch^jique. — Clip the hair and shave the skin on the flank. 
Cover the region with a wet, aseptic towel. Make an incision 
o' about ten centimeters, dividing the skin and sub-cutaneous 
aponeurosis, in the region a little in front and below the angle 
of the ilium. Give it the direction of the fibers of the ilio-ab- 
dominal muscle. With the fingers or spatulate end of the 
bistoury, perforate the small oblique, the transversalis and 
peritoneum. Enlarge thf* opening in the same manner already 
indicated for the castration of cryptorchids by the Danish 
method. (See Cryptorchid.) 

Effect those manipulations in the abdominal cavity proper 
to the operation you wish to practise. 

Make the muscular sutures of catgut and skin sutures of silk, 
securing the drain in the inferior angle of the wound. 



XXI INTESTINAL SUTURES. 

For these sutures use fine curved needles, or Reverdin 
needles, which are curved to the left, and zero silk thread. 

1. — Jobert'.s Sutures. 

TechniQuk. — Place the threads transversely to the lips of 
the wound at intervals of six millimeters, by proceeding in the 



INTESTINAL SUTURES. 73 

following manner : — Make the needle perforate the intestinal 
coats from without to within a centimeter from the edge of the 
wound ; make the needle come out again through the same lip 
four or five millimeters from the edge ; pierce the other lip from 
without to within at four or five millimeters from the edge and 
bring the needle out a half centimeter further. One repeats 
this with all the threads, ties them successively and cuts the 
ends near the knots. The edges of the wound are turned in- 




Pig. 33.— Jobert's Suture. 

The thread passes through the three intestinal walls ; the ends are curved; 
the lips of the wound are brought together by their serous faces. (Af- 
ter Chaput.) 

ward and the lips are brought closely together by their serous 
face. (Fig. 33.) 

2.— Lenibert's Suture. 

Technique. — The needle is inserted about eight millimeters 
from the edge and only penetrates the serotis membrane ; it is 
then passed perpendicularly to the axis of the wound within 
the muscular layer and brought out two to four centimeters 
further by piercing the serous coat from within to without. 

Take the stitch in the other lip by beginning two to four 



74 EXERCISES IX EQUINE SURGERY. 

niilliineters from its free edge, traverse it in the same manner 
and bring it out as many millimeters further. 

Take all the stitches that are necessary in this way, after- 
wards tie the threads in succession. 




Fig. 34.— Lembert's Suture. 

The thread is passed through the serous into the muscular coat; the ends 
are crossed ; the lips of the -wound are brought together by their serous 
faces. (Chaput.) 



This suture is preferable to that of Jobert; the threads do 
not penetrate the mucous and it is not infected. (Fig. 34. ) 

3.— Gely's Suture. 

Technique. — Take a long silk thread and put a fine needle 
on each end. With one of the needles penetrate the intestinal 
wall from Avithout to within a little outside of and back of one 
of the angles of the wound ; make the return from within to 
without parallel with the wound and five or six centimeters 
further ahead. Execute the same manipulations on the other 
side with the other needle ; cross the threads. The left is pas- 
sed over to the right, and vice versa. (Fig. 35.) Each needle 
is introduced into the hole made by the returning needle or a 
little in front. This manipulation is continued to the other 
end of the wound. The stitches should be closed to a proper 
degree in the order in which they are made. The serous faces 



INTESTINAL SUTURES. 75 

will exactly come back to back if the suture is correct. Tie the 
two ends and cut near the knot, 




Fig. 35.— Gely's Suture. 

4.— Czerny's Suture. 

Technique. — It is Leinbert's suture modified by making two 
rows of stitches one above tlie other. Make the first row of 
stitches traverse the serous and muscular layers at their edges 




Fig. 36.— Czerny's Suture. 
1, Sero-musoular row. the threads passine across the muscular or cellu- 
lar layers; 2, sero-serous row. (Chaput). 

(fig. 35). Make the second row eight to ten millimeters from 
the first. The two lips are maintained in contact for at least a 
centimeter by tlie non-perforating sutures. 



76 



EXERCISES IX EQUINE SURGERY, 



5.— Cliapiit's Sutures. 

Technique. — Throughout the extent of each lip separate 
the mucous and muscular layers for a centimeter from the 




Fig. 37. -Suture for Abrasion. First method. 
1, Muco-mucous suture; 2, Suture for abrasion. 

edge. Place the first systeui of non-perforating sutures in the 
mucous coat after excising or turning into the intestine the 
detached part (muco-mucous suture). The second line of 




Fig. 38.— Suture for Abrasion. Second method. 
1. Muco-mucous suture by infection ; 2, Suture for abrasion 

sutures perforate the serous and nmcous coats (musculo- mus- 
cular sutures). (Figs. 37 and 38 ) 

This suture should be employed in case of complete section 



INTESTINAL SUTURKS. 



77 



of the intestine. For tlie posterior semi-eircumference of the 
intestine, the threads for tlie mucous sutures are knotted 
inside ; for the anterior seuii-circumf erence they are knotted 
outside. Above the muscular row of stitches one should make 




Fig. 39.— Simple Intestinal Graft. 

The wound is united by two series of non-perforating sero-serous 
sutures. 



a third row of stitches in the serous layer (surety sero-serous 
suture). 

Wlien the wound is accompanied by a loss of substance the 
intestinal graft gives excellent results. With regard to the 
perforation, place the wounded loop against a part about 
twenty centimeters above or below. Unite the lips of the 
wound to the portion which is to serve as a graft by two 
series of sero-serous non-puncturing stitches. (Fig. 39. ) 



78 EXERCISES IN EQUINE SURGERY. 

HEAD. 
1 EXAMINATION OF THE EYE. 

liestraiiit. — Hold the head iuiuiovable with or without the 
use of a twitch. 

Place yourself a little in front of the subject, on the same 
side as the eye to be examined. 

1 —Test of the Pupil. 

Bring the animal into a well lighled place. During the 
■whole operation an assistant should cover the unexamined eye 
with his hand. Lower the upper eyelid over the eye to be in- 
spected; hold it down, keeping the globe covered for some 
time, also exercise a little friction over it, then uncover quickly 
by Avithdrawing the hand. If the iris possesses its mobility, 
the pupil dilates when obscured and contracts rapidly on 
exposure to light. If the movements are not accomjilished, or 
very slowly, the iris is altered. 

2.^Examiiiation Avitli the Ophthalmoscope. 

Place a mydriatic substance in the eve (sulphate of atropine 
1:100). 

Justnimeiits. — ( )phthalmo.scope and lens, speculum, candle 
or oil lamp. 

</.— Exaiuinatiou of the Eye hy direct Illuniiiiatioii. 

Proceed in full day light, by reflecting the sun's rays upon the 
eye by means of a concave mirror (FoUin's ophthalmoscope); 
or, it is ijreferable to operate in a dark box-stall, and employ 
artificial light from an ordinary paraffin candle, or oil lamp. 
An assistant holds the lamp in front and to the right of the 
head if the left eye is to be examined ; to the left, if the right 
eye is to be examined. When the mydriatic effect is obtained, 
inspect the eye after having put the speculum in place; you 
should distinguish alterations of Decement's uiembrane, the 
iris, crystalline lens, and of the deep portion of the eye. If it 
has been attacked by periodic ophthalmia you detect posterior 
synechsia or traces of synechia. 



PUNCTURE OF THE CORNEA. 79 

6. — Examination by Oblique Light. 

Operate in a dark box. Have an assistant hold the lamp on 
the side corresponding to the operation, on a line Avith the 
anterior part of the neck. With the lens interposed between 
the lamp and the eye, concentrate the rays upon it. By gra- 
dually changing the position of the lamp and lens alterations 
of the cornea, Decement's membrane, the iris and crystalline 
lens can be readily distinguished and synechsia or its vestiges 
recognized. 

II PUNCTURE OF THE CORNEA. 

Restraint. — Apply a twitch to the upper lip; raise the ante- 
rior foot on the side opposite that on which you operate. 

Instruments. — Speculum, lanceolate needles mounted in a 
handle, or ordinary suture needles. 

Technique. — Render the eye insensible by the use of co- 
caine ; apply the speculum and fix the globe. Puncture the 
cornea obliquely near its periphery, by introducing a needle 
parallel with the iris ; separate the lips of the wound by turn- 
ing the needle a qviarter of a revolution upon its axis. 

After removing as much of the fluid as desired, return the 
needle to its first position and withdraw it. 

AVith the keratome or the trocar, etc., it is sufficient to make 
an oblique puncture of the cornea ; the fluid flows through the 
groove of the keratome or the canula while in place. 

III.— OPERATION FOR CATARACT. 

It is necessary that the animal be held in a couching or 
recumbent position. 

Restraint. — Cast the animal on the side opposite that on 
-which the operation is to be made. Secure general anesthesia. 
Dilate the pupil by instillation of a solution of atropine. 

Instruments. — Eye speculum, needle with a fine handle and 
terminated by a lance-like point (Dupuytren or Scarpa needles). 

Technique. — A. When couching-. The lids are separ- 
ated and the eye fixed. The needle is held as a pen in writing, 
in an oblique direction from below upward, and slightly back 



80 EXERCISES IN EQUINE SURGERY. 

to front, the point horizontal, the convexity turned upward ; 
implant it in the sclera five niillimeters from the cornea and a 
little below the transverse diameter of the eye. At the time 
all the curved portion of the needle has been introduced, exe- 
cute a quarter of a turn of the instrument upon its axis in such 
manner that its convexity turns toward the cornea. Carry its 
extremity towards the superior part of the crystalline lens and 
avoid wounding the iris ; apply the concavity against the sum- 
mit of the lens, and, by a see-sawing movement, bring it down 
in the field, force it downward and backward below the visual 
axis, and into the vitreous body. Retain it there for some 
time to prevent it ascending again and withdraw the instru- 
ment after returning it to the horizontal position. When the 
operation is well executed the anterior face of the crystalUne 
lens is tui'ned downward. 

B. "When reclining. Introduce the needle in the eye 
and carry it to the crystalline lens as directed when the animal 
is couching. Instead of displacing the lens directly from above 
downward, make the sea-sawing motion backward in the 
vitreous humor; lay it upon the floor of the eye in such man- 
ner that its anterior face Avill be turned upward. 

Hold it there for a few moments to prevent it returning and 
withdraw the needle after returning it to tlie horizontal posi- 
tion. 

IV.— EXTIRPATION OF THE EYE. 

Restrain the animal as in the operation for cataract. (In 
practice general anesthesia is not necessary ; it suffices to make 
five or six injections of a solution of cocaine of 1-100 around 
the globe in the connective tissue). 

Instruments. — Forceps, straight bistoury, and curved scis- 
sors. 

Technique. — First step: Incision of the Conjunctiva. — In- 
cise the conjunctiva along the entire periphery of the eye; 
separate it from the winking bodies, the lids, and turn them 
outwards. If the globe is very large divide the external angle. 

Second step: Removal of the Bye. — Plunge the straight bis- 



EXTIRPATION OF THE EYE. 



PI 



toury, held as a pen and cutting edge out, between the ocular 
^lobe and the orbit near the internal angle. Make the 




^^4Ji^ 



penetration to the bottom of the cavity; detach the inferior 
part of the ocular globe by shaving from within to Avithout to 
the external angle of the eye, along the inferior semi-cireum- 



83 EXERCISES IN EQUINE SURGERY. 

ferenee of the orbit. Carry the bistoury back to the internal 
angle by shaving the superior semi circumference. The eye is 
now only attaclied by the optic nerve and straight nniscles. 
Introduce tlie curved scissors, concavity turned toward tlie 
ball, to the bottom of the cavity at the external angle, and 
with one cut section the nerve and muscles. 

V LIGATUKE OF STENO'S DUCT. 

Refitraint. — Cast the animal on the side opposite to that on 
which you wish to operate. Hold the head extended upon the 
neck by means of a halter. 

lustrumeuts. — Bistoury, forceps, director, needle and thread. 

Technique. — Ligature upon the Jaio. — After turning from 
within to the outside of the inferior border of the maxillary, 
Steno's duct rises along the anterior aspect of the masseter 
behind the glosso-facial vein, there passes under it and the 
artery to the opening within the bucal cavity. (Fig. 40.) 

Make a sliort incision at two fingers' width from the maxil- 
la)\v border and a centimeter behind the glosso-facial artery ; 
divide the skin, the cutaneous muscle and use precaution in 
diissecting the adjacent connecting tissue layers. Tlie duct 
appears below as a narrow flat white cord. It has only to 
be isolated and tied ; at the same time avoid Avounding the 
vein. 

Ll(/atiou heJiind the maxilla. — At one to two centimeters 
behind the ascending branch of the maxihary, near the inferior 
angle of the parotid and on a line with the sterno-maxillaris, 
make an incision of three or four centimeters through the skin 
and cutaneous nuiscle in a gradually oblique direction down- 
ward and forward ; continue cautiously by dividing the cellular 
layer in which the duct is located; lay it bare, isolate, and 
ligate. 

AI.~TREPHIN1NG. 

Restraint. — Cast the animal on the side opposite to tliat on 
which you wisli to operate. Hold the head in extension upon 
the neck. Twitch the upper lip. Remove the bridle or halter. 



TREPHINING. 



83 



Instruments. — Bistoury, forceps, raspitory, trephine, long of 
paring knife. 




Fig. il.— Head, anterior face ; SF, frontal sinus. 



1. — Trepliiuiiig- the Frontal Sintises. 

Trephine the frontal sinuses between the internal angle of 
tlie eye and the median line at equal distances from these two 
points. 



84 



EXERCISES IN EQUINE SURGERY. 



Technique. — First step : A V-shaped incision and dissection 
of the narrow cutaneous strip. — Make two oblique incisions 
downward and forward. They should converge and unite at 
their inferior extremity. With the forceps and straight bis- 
toury, dissect the narrow cutaneous strip and also its bound- 




Fig. 42.— Trephining. Laiffeopeningof the Sinus. Repulsion of the Molars. 

A, Trephination rf the infeiiormaxillary sinus; B, trephination of the 
frontal siuu^; E D (J, line tor incision for opening the laige maxillary 
sinus; f g h, line of iueision for opening the large fi-ontal sinus; ab, 
line of incision fur the repulsion of the first molar teeth. 

aries. Scrape the osseous surface over an area corresponding 

to the diameter of the trephine to be used. 

Second step : Trephining. — Prepare the trephine, the point 

of the pyramid lowered some millimeters below the crown and 

the guard set at one centimeter; the strip of skin is seized Avith 

the forceps and held by an assistant. The point of the pj'ra- 

mld is placed in the center of the uncovered bone. Impart a 



TREPHINING. 85 

boring or rotary movement which causes the pyramid and saw 
to successively penetrate the bone. In a few moments tlie 
bone is divided. If tlie crown does not carry a guard, exercise 
only moderate pressure upon the instrument when tlie section 
is about complete. Frequently the round osseous section 
remains attached in the crown; if it escapes into the sinus, 
withdraw it with the forceps. Remove the long roughened 
particles of bone that project into the opening, with a long 
blade or paring knife. 

2. — Trephining' the Superior Maxillary Sinuses. 

(Jperate in the angle formed by the inferior eyelid and the 
zygomatic crest, at equal distance from these points. 

The V-shaped incision has its summit corresponding to the 
angle formed by the inferior orbicular muscle and the zygo- 
auatic crest. 

3. — Trephining- of the Inferior Maxillary Sinus. 

Make this a little in front of the zygomatic crest; in the old 
horse, nearly on a level Avith Ihe inferior extremity of that 
crest; in the young (where the sinus is larger and descends 
further), a little higher and farther beyond the crest. 

The technique is the same as for the preceding operations. 

Introduce the curved scissors into the openmg of the inferior 
maxillary sinus, and jnake communication with the superior 
by tearing down the delicate osseous structure which separates 
them. 

4. — Large opening of the Sinuses for the reniov^al 
of I3enign Tumors. 

Lay bare the greater portion of the frontal sinus by detach- 
ing a flap of skin which is limited within by an incision 
made from above downward near the median line, and parallel 
to it, and by another drawn from the internal angle of the eye 
in an oblique direction from back forward to the first. Un- 
cover the maxillary sinuses in the same manner by prolonging < 
along the zygomatic crest and in front of the inferior eyelid, 
the two incisions made for trephining the superior maxillary 
sinus. (Fig. 42.) AVith a large sized trephine make three, 



86 



EXERCISES IN EQUINE SURGERY. 




el 



S 'S 



'5 i 



REPULSION OF THE MOLARS. bi 

four or fiv^e overlapirig openings over the bare bone; re- 
move the projecting osseous inter-arches to make the outHne 
regular. 

VII repui.sio:n^ of the molars. 

Restraint. — The same as for trephining. 

Instruments. — Scissors, bistoury, forceps, trephine, chisel or 
paring knife, gouge and repulsor. 

Tech^s'ique. — A. — Repulsion of a superior molar. — First 
step : — Incision and laying hare of the skin. — Make a large V- 
shaped incision through the skin over the jaAV on a level with 
the deep extremity of the tooth you wish to remove. Free the 
small strip of skin and also the edges and rasp the bony surface 
thus exposed. 

Second step : — Trephining of the superior Tnaxillary . — Make 
three tangent openings in the external bony wall, two parallel 
to the maxillary opening and the third in front of the first. 
Trim the opening Avitli the chisel or paring knife. 

Third step : — Repulsion of the tootli. — Spread the jaAvs Avith 
a speculum and liaA^e it retained in position by an assistant. 
The repulsor is placed on the root of the tootli to be removed, 
pai'allel to its direction. The assistant gives light blows to the 
repulsor wdth a hammer. Seek to discover the effect produced 
with the free hand. Ordinarily a few blows suffice to loosen 
the tooth and drive it from its alveolus. Seize it Avitli the 
long foi'ceps or with the hand introduced into the mouth 
between the branches of the speculum. 

B. — Repulsion of an inferior molar. — The technique is the 
same as for the superior molars ; but because of the danger of 
fracturing the inferior maxillary bone the assistant should 
strike very lightly upon the repulsor. 

When operating upon one or the other jaAv, and you do not 
wish to expose a tooth to blows other than the one Avhich 
should be acted upon, it should be remembered that the roots 
of three anterior molars of each Jn/r are directed' slightly for- 
loard ; that those of the other three are directed slightly lack- 
ward. (Fig. 44.) 



3 EXERCISES IN EQUINE SURGERY. 

VIII AMPUTATION OF THE EAR. 

Restraint. — Cast the animal on the side opposite that on 




AMPUTATION. bd 

■which you wish to operate. Hold the head extended upon the 
neck. 

Tnstru7nents. — Scissors, bistouries, dissecting forceps, artery 
forceps, needles and thread. 

Technique. — After having clipped the hair over the base of 
the ear and periauricular region, make a circular incision, only 
dividing the skin, two centimeters from the base of the conchal 
cartilage. While an assistant draws the ear successively, 
backward, downward and forward, dissect out the concha, 
detaching it from the parotid gland and the scutiform carti- 
lage cutting the parotido-scuto and cervico auricularis muscles; 
take up the posterior and anterior arteries with the artery foi'- 
ceps. The concha is isolated to its base, excise it by a cut of 
the bistoury through the fibrous ligament which attaches it to 
the annular cartilage. Tie the auricular arteries and remove 
the forceps. Introduce a sujall tampon of wadding in the 
auditory conduit and suture the lix^s of the wound. 



TAIL. 

I.— AMPUTATION. 

Restraint. — Twitch the upper lip; hobble both posterior 
limbs; the line is passed forward between the two fore limbs 
over the withers and side is crossed and held by an assistant. 

Instruments.— 'Doc'k.mg knife or a well sharpened paring 
knife, block and mallet, tail burner or rubber cord. 

Technique. — One ordinarily sections the tail ten to fifteen 
centimeters from its free extremity. The hair is combed and 
cut circular about five centimeters from the point where the 
incision is to be made ; unite in two lateral plaits that on the 
superior part of the tail and fasten them upon the base of the 
organ ; towards their extremity knot the hairs of the inferior 
part. When that is done, prevent hemostasis by applying the 
rubber cord a little above the line of section. 

Take a position to the left of the subject, a little behind the 
corresponding posterior liuib. An assistant holds the <-ail 



90 EXERCISES IN EQUINE SURGERY. 

horizontally. If the docking instrument is used, hold the 
female branch in the left hand, and in .such a manner that the 
portion to be cut lies in the concavity of the armature. Cut 
the tail a little belosv the ligature with a single cut, by bring- 
ing the two branches of the instrument together quickly and 
forcibly. If the rubber cord is sufficiently tight there will be 
no hemorrhage. 

AVhen the ligature is not applied, the blood escapes in Jets 
from the gaping orifice of the coccygeal arteries. Arrest 
the hemorrhage by cauterizing with the tail burner heated to 
a cherry red. Hold the caudal stump in the left hand and 
apply the cautery for several minutes against the tail, the ori- 
tlce in the instrument corresponding to the vertebrje; imprint 
it thei'e by several movements of semi-rotation (Peuch). 

In default of a docking instrument, place a block under the 
tail, at the point where you wish to section it. Apply the 
sharp cuttmg edge of a paring knife or analogous instrument 
anddiWde it'by one stroke* of the mallet". 

II.— CAUDAL MYOTOMY. 

Restraint. — Twitch; hold the head elevated; hobble the pos- 
terior limbs, the line is passed forward between the fore limbs 
over the withers to the side, crossed and held by an assistant. 

IiistrHmeiitu: — Convex bistoury and rat-tooth forceps or 
tenotomes. 

Technique. — Method by Longitudinal Inclsions. — Hold 
the tail well elevated upon the median line, turning it over the 
croup. Take a position behind the subject. Two longitudinal 
enlargements formed by the depressor muscles are visible upon 
the inferior face of the tail {See fig. 20). With the convex 
bistoury make an incision of six or eight centimeters from 
above downward exactly in the axis of the nmscles, being 
<?areful to begin high enough to leave a space of three fingers' 
width between their extremities and the base of the appendix. 
You may also make two short transverse incisions wholly on 
the outside of and on a line with the limits of the muscular 
portion that is to be excised. These are imited to the longi- 
tudinal incision. (Trasbot.) The skin and the coccygeal 



CAUDAL MYOTOMY. 91 

aponeurosis is divided, the enlargements of the two depressor 
muscles are between the edges of the incisions. 

Seize one of the muscles with the forceps held in the left 
hand; with the convex bistoiiry separate the deep layer out- 
wardly, cut it transversely near the inferior angle of the inci- 
sion, dissect its internal side, avoid wounding the median 
coccygeal artery, finally remove the section at the superior 
part of the incision by a cut of the bistoury given from below 
upward. 

Excise the other muscle by essentially the same manipu- 
lations. 

The preceding operation is simple, easily executed and gives 
good results. 

Subcutaneous Method. — First ste2) :— Puncture. — The 
place selected is at a hand's breadth from the base of the tail. 
Clip the hair vipon the lateral faces, at the points of operation. 
To section the depressor nmsele on the right side hold the 
straight tenotome in the right hand; upon the side of the tail 
at the limit of the enlargement formed by that muscle, it is 
said on a level with its deep layer, apply the point of the in- 
strument; puncture the skin and coccygeal aponeurosis, and 
make the blade of the tenotome penetrate flatwise under the 
muscle. 

Second step :— Section. — Withdraw the instrument and intro- 
duce the curved tenotome into the wound; pass it under the 
muscle iintil you reach the median line with its blunt point, 
then execute a quarter revolution, turning its sharp edge to- 
wards the muscle, seize the muscle with a full hand, apply the 
thumb over the enlargement formed by the depressor, cuttiug 
it from within to Avithout in respect to the skin. 

To section the depressor muscle on the left side operate with 
the left hand. 

If there is hemorrhage apply a bandage with moderate com- 
pression. Fix the layers of wadding by turns of a band ap- 
plied near the base of the tail. 



93 EXERCISES IN EQUINE SUKGERY. 

LIMBS. 

I TEN0T03IY. 

General Rules. — Make all tenotomies upon the animal while 
cast. Place the limb in the most favorable attitude for the 
most rapid section of the tendon to be cut. If it is desired to 
have the limb extended, this may be accomplished by 
means of a rope. Except for the section of the cunean branch, 
always employ the subcutaneous procedure, and make only a 
short incision in the skin. 

1.— Supracarpal Tenotomy. 

Restraint. — Cast the animal upon the side opposite that 
on which you Avish to operate. Apply a twitch to the upper 
lip. Hold the liuib by means of two ropes, one placed at the 
superior part of the forearm and held backward, the other 
secured tcj the canon or fetlock and drawn forward. 

Instruments: — Curved scissors and tenotomes. 

Technique. — 1. Section of the tendon of the oblique flexor of 
the metncarpiis. — Take a position with the knees upon the 
ground in front of the limb and on a line with the forearm. 
The tendon is very apparent towards its inferior extremity, a 
little above the knee. Clip the hair in that region. With the 
straight tenotome make a short incision through the skin and 
aponeurosis on a line with the anterior border of the tendon, 
three or four centimeters above the supracarpal bone. Pass 
the curved tenotome into the puncture flatwise, from before 
backwards under the tendon, until its blunt point will have 
proceeded to the posterior border of the cord. Execute a 
quarter of a turn of the instrument upon its axis in such a 
manner as to bring its cutting edge against the deep face of 
the tendon ; grasp it Avith a full hand, press Avith the thumb 
against the point under the skin and a little behind the 
tendon. DraAv upon the ropes. By a gentle see-saw move- 
ment cut the tendon and antibrachial aponeurosis from 
within to without. 

2. Section of the tendon of the external metacarpus — By 
means of the straight tenotome, make a short puncture in the 



TENOTOMY. 93 

skin and adjacent aponeurosis four or five centimeters above 
the supracarpal bone and immediately in front of the tendon. 
By means of this opening engage the curved tenotome flatwise 
under the tendon. Draw upon the ropes. Cut the tendon 
and the aponeurosis in tlie same manner as in section of the 
oblique flexor. (Fig. 45). 



tir^. 




Fig. 45.— Inferior part of the forearm, knee and superior part of the 

metacarpus (posterior faCf). 

F o, oblique flexor of the metacarpus ; F e, external flexor. 

2. — Plantar Tenotomy. 

When practicing section of the perforans or the perforatus, 
or of tlie double tenotomy, the place to be selected in the fore- 
limbs is one to two centimeters below the middle part of the 
canon; for the posfjprior members it is exactly at the middle 
of the canon (the inferior cul-de-sac of the carpal sheath is 
situated a Uttle further down than that of the tarsal sheath). 



^4 EXERCISES IN EQUINE SURGERY. 

In the anterior limbs the lateral artery of the canon passes 
along the internal border of the tendons, and may be 
wounded. In the posterior limbs, in the superior two-thirds 
of the sheath it is situated on the posterior face of the canon 
immediately in front of the external metatarsal ; tliere is no 
danger attending it. 

Restraint. — In the anterior as well as the posterior limbs 
operate upon the external face. Cast the animal upon the 
opposite side ; leave the limb in the hobble ; secure it by two 
ropes, one at the inferior part of the forearm or the leg, 
depending whether you operate upon an anterior or posterior 
limb; the otiier upon the fetlock; the first held backward and 
tne second forward. 

Instruments. — Scissors and tenotomes. ' 

Technique. — 1. Section of the Perforans. — First stejy: 
Puncture. — Take a position with the knees upon the ground 
in front of the fore-limb on a line with the fore-arm, or in the 
rear of the posterior member on a line with the hough. 
Prepare the region; implant the blade of the straight bistoury 
between the two tendons, or, if they are altered and eon- 
founded, at the posterior third of the indurated mass Avhicli 
they constitute. Avoid perforating the skin on the opposite 
side. 

Second stej): Section. — Withdraw the straight tenotome and 
slip the blade of the curved tenotome in its place. Execute a 
quarter of a turn upon the axis of the in.strument to permit 
its cutting edge to come in contact with the perforans ; seize it 
-with a full hand, press Avith the thumb against the canon as a 
point of support; draw upon the rope, and cut the tendon 
from the rear forward by a double see-sawing movement. A 
slight noise and the separation of the tendon indicates that 
the section is complete. 

2. Section of the Perforatus. — Make a short incision in the 
skin at the same point as for section of the jjerforans. Intro- 
duce the curved tenotome flatwise behind the tendon in the 
subcutaneous connective tissue, direct the cutting edge against 
the tendon and cut it from the back forward. 

If you make a double tenotomy, cut the perforans first and 



TENOTOMY . 95 

then the perforatus, proceeding in the manner already ex- 
plained. 

Apply a light compress bandage upon th(^ canon. 




Fig. 46.— Bletacarpal region. 
Suspensorligament of the fetlock, carpal check, perforans and perforatus. 



3 — Cunean Tenotomy. 

Restraint. — Cast the animal upon the side upon Avhieh you 
wisli to operate ; secure the posterior superficial member upon 
the corresponding fore limb above or below the knee. 



96 EXERCISES IN EQUINE SURGERY. 

Instruments. — Curved scissors, convex bistoury, rat-tooth 
forceps, suture needle furnished with a tliread, or a tenotome. 

Technique. — Tlie cunean brancli is disposed obliquely from 
before backward, and above downward on the internal face of 
the hough, a little above the prominence which marks the 
inferior limit of that region (fig. 47) ; it is easily detected as it 
passes under the skin. In the case of spavin it is very 
voluminous, but never entirely covered by the osseous neo- 
formation, which is hollowed into a canal-like depression, at 
the bottom of which is situated the tendon. 




Fig, 47.— Internal f,i<>e of the hough. 
BC, cunean branch. 

Old 3iethod. — After having clipped the hair over the inferior 
portion of the internal face of the hough, make an incision 
in the skin of three or four centimeters over the axis and 
perpendicular to the tendon; follow by incising the sub- 
cutaneous connective tissue; introduce the point of the curved 
scissors (disposed on the flat surface, concave face outward) 
from above downward under the tendon, which you find thus 
disposed, and cut it with the bistoury. 

Unite the cutaneous wound by two stitches. 



DESMOTOMY, 97 

Stibcutaneotis Method. — Make a short transverse puncture 
through the skin over the axis of tlie internal face of the 
hough on a level with the inferior border of the tendon. If 
you make the section with a tenotome having a concave 
cutting edge, introduce the blade flatwise under the tendon 
and cut it from wdthin outward, and avoid incising the skin ; 
if you operate witli a tenotome having a convex cutting edge, 
engage the blade flatwise between the skin and tendon, and 
cut it from without to within. 

4. — Tenotomy of the L-ateral Extensor of the 
Phalanges. 

Restraint. — Cast the animal upon the side opposite the 
member on which you wish to operate ; leave the limbs in the 
hobble. 

Instruments. — Curved scissors and tenotomes. 

Technique. — In the posterior limb the tendon of the lateral 
extensor of the phalanges is united with that of the anterior 
extensor toward the middle of the metatarsi. In the superior 
part of that region the two tendons as they pass under the 
skin are easily detected. 

Make the operation a few centimeters from the union of the 
two tendons about three flngers' width from the middle of the 
canon. Puncture the skin even with the external border of 
the canon and insert the straight tenotome under it. Intro- 
duce the blade of the curved tenotome in the puncture, 
■directing the cutting edge of the instrument against the 
tendon, and cutting it from within to without. Flexion of the 
phalanges, secured by drawing backward upon the rope 
attached to the pastern, favors section of the border. 

II DESMOTOMY. 

1 . — Metacarpal Desmotomy. 

Restraint. — Cast the animal upon the side opposite the limb 
to be operated upon, leave it in the hobbles ; attach a rope to 
the inferior part of the forearm and another to the pastern. 

Instruments. — Scissors and tenotomes. 



98 EXERCISES IN EQUINE SURGERY. 

Technique. — Make the operation a little above the inferior 
extremity of the small metacarpals or the metatarsals at a 
point where the suspensor of the fetlock is well drawn (fig. 46), 
and at some distance from the superior cul-de-sac of the 
sessamoid sheath. 

Implant the straight tenotome between the suspensory liga- 
ment of the fetlock and the perf orans ; insert the blade of the 
curved tenotome in the incision, turn the cutting edge against 
the suspensory ligament and cut forward, after having drawn 
the ropes as for plantar tenotomy. 

2. — Patellar Desinotoiiiy. 

Restraint. — Cast the animal upon the same side as the limb 
on which the operation is to be performed ; fasten the super- 
ficial posterior limb upon the inferior part of the corresponding 
fore limb. 

Instruments. — Scissors and tenotome. 

Technique. — The internal tibio patellar ligament (fig. 48) is 
easily distinguished on exploration of the internal face of the 
stifle. At one centimeter above the superior margin of the 
tibia, innuediately behind the ligament, puncture the skin 
with the straight tenotome, and, holding it very ohliquely, 
inalie the blade jyenetrate tinder the ligament., to avoid wound- 
ing the synovial capsule. At the same time the instrument is 
withdrawn pass the blade of the curved tenotome in the 
puncture; turn the cutting edge against the ligament and cut 
from within to Avithout. 

III.— NEURECTOMY. 

General Rules. — The diverse neurectomies are performed 
upon the animal adjusted in the decubital position. If the 
operation is made on the external side of the limb, the horse 
is cast on the side opposite that member; if it is made on the 
internal side, it should be cast on the side corresponding ta 
the member ; if the operation is bilateral, the operation is first 
made upon the inside. 

Instruments.— ^c\s&orf^, two bistouries, rat-tooth forceps, 
and needle furnished with thread are the only instruments 



NEURECTOMY. 



that are indispensable ; but it is convenient to have a dilator 
or retractor, a director and artery forceps. 

The operation comprises fonr steps : 1st, incision of the skin ; 
2nd, dissection of the subcutaneous tissues and isolation of the 
nerve ; 3rd, resection of a part of the nerve ; 4th, suture. 




Fig. 48.— Femoro-tibio patellar articulation. 

L i t, internal lip of the femoral trochlea ; t r i. Internal tibio-patellar 

ligament; f r, femoro-patellar ligament. 

1. — Plantar Neurectomy Below the Fetlock. 
(Pbalaugeal Neurectomy.) 

Restraint. — The operation should always be made upon both 
plantar nerves. Begin with the internal. The horse should 
be cast upon the same side as the limb to be operated upon. 



100 EXERCISES IN EQUINE SURGERY. 

If it is an anterior member, fix it above the hough of the 
opposite posterior member; if upon a posterior member, carry 
it above tlie knee on tlie opposite fore limb. 

Technique. — First step: Incision. — If tlie phalangeal 
region is neither infiltrated nor indurated, it is sufficient to 
explore the lateral face with the pulp of the thumb to find at 
the posterior part the ligament of the 2ilantar cushion and the 
adjacent vaseulo-nervous cord. There make the line of inci- 
sion (fig. 49). If there is infiltration or induration, and these 
organs cannot be found, the incision should be made at the 
limit of the lateral and posterior faces of the pastern, follow- 
ing the axis of the first phalanx and at the superior third of 
that bone (above the ligament), or at the inferior third (below 
the ligament). 

AVitli the hair clipped and the skin shaved, make a cuta- 
neous incision of two and a half to three centimeters with the 
convex bistoury ; divide the adjacent cellular tissue ; if you come 
upon the ligament, prolong the incision a little above or below. 

Second stejJ : Dissection and isolation of the nerve. — Seize the 
the connective tissue layers, which form a kind of sheath 
counnon to the digital artery and plantar nerve, gather it in 
folds transversely to these organs, and divide it with the point 
of the bistoury. Isolate the nerve for a centimeter and a half, 
always with the bistoury if you have a sure hand, and Avith 
the director if you are afraid of wounding the artery. It is 
situated iunnediately in front of the nerve and the vein about 
a centimeter in front of the artery. The vein is exposed in the 
wound Avhen the incision is made too far forward, — an error 
frequently committed by beginners. 

The execution of this step is facilitated by the use of a 
dilator or retractor. If the blood flows and soils the parts, an 
assistant drains the field of operation. 

Third ste2^ : Resection. — The nerve is seized with the forceps; 
slip the blac^e of the bistoury under it flatwise, turn the cutting 
edge upward, section it Avith one cut at the superior angle of 
the wound. Afterwards cut it at the inferior angle of the 
incision, removing from a centimeter to a centimeter and a 
half of tissue. 



NEURECTOMY. 101 

Fourth step : Suture. — Unite the lips by one or two stitches, 
according to the extent of tlie incision. 

Cover with flannel, replace the limb in the hobble, turn the 
animal, and after re-securing the member in a convenient 
position make the operation upon the opposite side. 




Fis:. 49.— Phintar neurec^tomy bplow the fetlock, 
b, ligament of the plautar cusnion; a, digital artery; n, plantar nerve. 

2. — Plantar Neurectomy above the Fetlock. (Meta- 
carpal or Metatarsal IS^eiirectoiny.) 

Restraint. — The limb should be shackled as for the preceding 
operation, being careful nevertheless to attach the rope sufH- 
ciently high upon the canon that the inferior part of that ^ 
region remains uncovered. 

One may also unite the limb to be operated upon with Its 
congener with a rope in figure 8 ; unhobble the first and carry 



103 EXERCISES IX EQUINE SURGERY. 

it forward (anterior limb) or backward (posterior limb) by 
means of ropes, the lines drawing on it in contrary directions. 
Tfxhxiqite. — When the fetlock and the inferior part of the 
canon are clean (free from connective tissue or indurations), 
the nerve is easily recognized on exploration with the pulp 
of the thumb, on the lateral face of the tendons a little above 




Fig. 50.— Piantar Deurectomy above the fetlock. 

"V. collateral vela of the canon ; A, collateral artery of the canon ; 

N, plantar nerve. 

the fetlock. The plantar nerve passes along the border of the 
perforans. On the internal side of the anterior leg the col- 
lateral artery of the canon (continued by the digital) is 
situated a little deeper; on the external side, the digital 
arrives in the neighborhood of the nerve immediately above 
the fetlock. (Fig. 50. ) 



NEURECTOMY. 103 

If the engorgement of the region does not permit the recog- 
nition of the nerve, the hne of incision should be determined 
by the border of the cyhndrical mass that forms the tendons. 
As in phalangeal neurectomy, when the nerve is not recognized 
the incision is often made too far forward. 

When the synovial capsule of the fetlock is distended, per- 
haps the nerve is displaced, carried more or less to the rear. 
The operation in that case should be made above, or below 
the distended cul-de-sac. 

The same technique as for phalangeal neurectomy. 

3. — Median Neurectomy (antibracliial neurectomy). 

Restraint. — Cast the animal upon the same side as the mem- 
ber to be operated upon. Carry it forward with a rope after 
having engaged the other fore limb above the hough over the 
corresponding posterior limb. 

Technique. — You can easily perceive the median nerve on 
the internal face of the elbow, directed downward and a little 
backward; it crosses the artery at a very acute angle, towards 
the posterior face of the radius, to become imbedded under 
the mass of flexor muscles (fig. 54). The principal vein is 
situated in front of the artery. Make the operation on a level 
wdth the inferior part of the elbow joint, or immediately 
behind the superior extremity of the radius, towards the 
summit of the interstice which separates on that bone the 
flexor muscles from those of the forearm. 

First step : Incision. — Clip the hair; divide successively the 
skin, the subcutaneous connective tissue, and the sternal 
aponeurosis for a length of five centimeters. Towards the 
inferior angle of the wound make a short incision of the anti- 
brachial aponeurosis; under this, engage the director, groove 
outward, from below upward, parallel to the nerve ; with the 
l)istoury thus guided, incise the aponeurosis from within to 
without (Peters). To effect that division the blunt-pointed 
bistoury may also be used. Afterwards take away a semi- 
elliptical part from each lip of the aponeurosis ; the nerve is 
very largely exposed (Mollerj. Separate the edges of the 
"wound by two retractors. 



104 



EXERCISES IN EQUINE SURGERY. 



Second step: Dissection of the sub aponeurotic layers and 
isolation of the nerve. — This step of the operation is somewhat 
difficult. Avoid wounding the radial veins. If, under tlie 
influence of the movements, tlie nerve has been displaced, it 
will be brought upon the line of incision by gradually chang- 
ing the position of the limb by carrying it backward or 
forward. By means of the forceps and the bistoury, or with 
the director, isolate the nerve and carry it above the director. 




Fig. 51.— Median n<Mir."-toiny. 

N, median or onhito-plan^ar nf^rvp ; A, posterior radial artery; 

V, one of the posteiior radial veins. 

2'Jiird step : Resection. — Cut the nerve Avlth the bistoury or 
scissors at the superior angle of the wound, resect it about two 
centimeters on the inferior part. 

Fourth step: Siotnre. — Unite tiie lips of the Avound by two 
or three separate stitches. 

4. — Sciatic Neiirectoiuy (tibial iieurectoiiiy). 

Restraint. — Cast the animal upon the same side as the limb 
upon which you wish to operate; leave the limb in the hobble; 
fasten its congener upon the corresponding fore limb. 

Technique.— The great sciatic passes along the internal 
side of the tendon of the hough. As one passes the hand 
above the point of the calcaneum it is detected superficially 
situated a little in front of the cord surrounded by fatty 



AUTO-PLASTY OF THE KNEE. 



105 



connective tissue (fig. 52). It is there that the operation is 
performed. 

At two or three centimeters in front of the anterior border 
of the tendon of tlie hough divide the skin and aponeurosis of 
the leg for a length of four centimeters ; dissect the cellulo- 
adipose tissue which envelopes the nerve ; isolate it, seize it 
with the forceps, cut it above Qrst, excise a portion about two 
centimeters long from the inferior portion and unite the edges 
of the wound by two stitches. (Rousseau.) 




Fig. 52.— Neurectomy oi the great sciatic (posterior tibial). 
A, aponeurosis ; C, cellulo-adipose layer ; N, sciatic nerve. 

IV.— AUTO-PJLASTY OF THE KNEE. 

Cast the animal on the side opposite to that on which you 
•wish to operate ; hold the limb in extension. 

Instruments. — Bistouries, forceps, needle with holder, and 
Florence hair. 



106 



EXERCISES IX EQUINE SURGERY. 



Technique. — Shave the skin on the anterior face of the 
knee; make two curvilinear incisions, hiiiiting a narrow 
elliptical strip parallel to the long axis of the limb (fig. 53). 
Raise that strip, and do not go below the subcutaneous con- 
nective tissue. Dissect the lips of the wound of the skin; 
move them to a sufficient degree to permit their union. If the 
loss of substance is very large, make an incision on each side 
at a sufficient distance fi*om the wound and parallel with its 
long axis to favor the slipping of the skin. Unite the lips of 
the amputation by interrupted sutures with Florence thread. 






Fig. 53.— Anto-plasty of the knee cap (after Cherry ; figures reproduced 
by W. Hunting).* Replacing the twisted suture by discontinuous 
stitches of Florence hair. 

In practice the operation only succeeds under the most 
vigorous antiseptic precautions and the insurance of complete 
iunnobility of the knee until the moment the cicatrix is solid. 
(Delcambre and Vinsot. ) 



* Cheeet, ■' On Brolcen Knees." Tlie Farrier and Naturalist, 1829, 
Vol. II., p. 377. Hunting, "An Operation on Blemished Knees." Tlie 
Veterinary Record, 1889, p. 474. 



SAND-CKACKS. 107 

FOOT. 
I.- SAND-CRACKS. 

1.- Grooving-. 

Make a transverse groove five to six centimeters long and 
one centimeter wide at tlie superior third of the wall. Use the 
paring knife or rasp. Groove to the pellicle. 

2. — Tliiiiiiiiig- ill a V-sliape. 

Trace two oblique grooves on the wall, converging down- 
ward. They should be at equal distance from the sand-crack 
at the superior part and unite on a level with its inferior 
extremity at a variable height upon the wall. Thin the nar- 
row triangular strip of horn comprised between these grooves 
to the bottom. 

3. — Operation for Sand-crack. 

Restraint. — For sand-crack at the toe, cast the animal on 
the side opposite to that on which you wish to operate. 
Secure the posterior limb to the corresponding anterior above 
the knee, or the anterior to the posterior above the hough. 
For quarter-crack, the accident often occurs upon the inner 
or outer quarter, cast the subject upon the same side as the 
limb to be operated upon, or upon the opposite side and secure 
as has already been indicated. 

Instruments. — Drawing-knife, sage-knife, forceps, paring- 
knife and farrier pincers; for dressing, shoe, wadding and 
roller bandage. 

Technique. — A.— Method by Extirpation. — First step: 
Furrowing. — The foot is to be pared deeply in its anterior 
region; take a drawing-knife with a large hollow^ and make 
two furrows in the horn five or six centimeters from the sand- 
crack; they should be parallel or gradually converge toAvards 
the plantar border; limit in this way a strip of wall in whicli 
the fissure real or fictitious occupies the central part. Give the 
grooves a breadth of a centimeter and a half ; without making 
arches, hollow them into the wall towards the plantar 
border until the horn gives way to the pressure of the finger 



108 EXERCISES IN EQUINE SURGERY. 

nail. Unite tliese two furrows at their inferior part by a third 
groove, equally deepened at the bottom, between the wall and 
sole. 

Second step : Incision of the horn. — With the sage-knife in 
the full hand, the thumb pressing upon the wall as a point of 
support, incise the horn at the bottom of the furrows, along 
the edges of the strip that is to be extirpated in order to save 
the thinned portion ; make the incision with the point of the 
sage- knife, and avoid a deep incision of the sub-horny integu- 
ment. 

Third step: Extirpation. — Hold the hoof -knife in the full 
hand by its dull extremity, in a transverse direction to the 
axis of the foot ; carry the other extremity to the inferior part 
of one of the grooves, and engage it under the strip of horn to 
be forced out ; give the instrument a point of support against 
the Avail on the opposite side of the groove; detach the strip at 
its inferior part by pressure ,upon the free extremity of the 
instrument, which gives a lever of the first-class. As soon as 
the narrow strip is partially loosened an assistant seizes it with 
the pincers, and b}'^ giving it a see-sawing movement from 
below upward, succeeds in detaching it from the podophyllous 
tissue; a second movement in a lateral direction releases it 
from the cutidnra from one groove to the other. During the 
execution of this last manoeuver, press upon the podophyllous 
layer with the thumbs to avoid tearing that organ. 

Foil 7-th stej) : Excision. — With the forceps and sage knife 
lift the band of podophyllous tissue from the entire surface of 
the third phalanx and scrape it. 

Dressing without a shoe. — Cover the wound with wadding 
of turf, bind the foot, the digital region and adjust the layers 
of wadding with the band. Make circles around the phalan- 
ges and reverse upon the plantar region. Assure sufficient 
pressure to prevent hemorrhage. Envelope the dressing in a 
sheet of linen and furnish the whole with a double plait of 
straw. (Fig. 56). 

Dressing/ icith a shoe. — Cover the wound with phlegdets 
superposed to overfiowing over the sides and above the gap. 
Secure them with a roller bandage ; passing the first, turn to 



REMOVAL OF THE SOLE. 109 

the middle, the second above the third, and the balance suc- 
cessively above and below, making as many reverses as may be 
necessary, being careful that each turn of the bandage covers 
the inferior two-thirds of that which preceded, and being 
covered in its inferior two-thirds by the turn that follows. 
Hold the ends upon the median' line between the two branches 
of the shoe perpendicular to the plantar region. All turns of 
the bandage should be passed behind between the end and the 
branches of the shoe. 

B. — Method op Thinniis-g. — First step : Thinning a strip 
of wall. — Trace two grooves upon the wall, converging down- 
ward, the same as if practicing the extirpation method. Thin 
the strip of Avail with the drawing-knife until the horn res- 
ponds at all points to the pressure of the nail. At the coronet, 
the blood oozes upon the cut where it rests upon the cutidura 
a half centimeter from the horn; also continue the thinning of 
the pellicle by scraping with the sage or drawing knife. 

Second step: Excision. — With the sage-knife excise the 
middle part of the thinned region, removing the horn and 
podophyllous structure for the width of a centimeter the 
whole length of the thinned portion. Scrape the phalanx. 

Dress the same as for extirpation. 

II REMOVAL OF THE SOLE. 

ResU^aint. — Cast the animal; hobble the member in a simple 
position if the operation is made on a fore foot. 

Instruments and bandage material. — Hoof -knife, farrier's 
pincers, shoeing hammer, drawing-knife, sage-knife, tliin shoe 
with four holes, splints, wadding and roller bandage. 

Techa^tque. — First step : Furrowing. — Pare the foot, leav- 
ing the sole and frog a half centimeter thick in order to avoid 
their tearing with the pincers when employing traction. 
Immediately inside of the white line at the periphery of the 
sole, cut a large circular groove from a centimeter to a centi- 
meter and a half wide, dividing the bars in the rear and to the 
depth that the horn should be thinned. 

Second step : Incision of the horn at the bottom of the 
groove. — Hold the sage-knife in the right hand, supporting the 



110 EXERCISES IN EQUINE SURGERY. 

thumb against a point on the sole; with the point incise the 
thin layer at the bottom of the furrow, by beginning at 
the inferior heel, and avoid cutting into tlie thick velvety 
tissue. 

Third step: Removal. — Detach the sole in the anterior 
region with tlie hoof-knife or elevator by taking a point of sup- 
port upon the inferior part of the wall, and avoid tearing the 
velvety tissue. An assistant seizes the anterior part of tlie 
sole with the pincers and tears it, and also the frog from 
before backward by a see-sawing movement, wliile you con- 
tinue to separate tlie parts as it continues to approach the 
heels. 

Dressing. — Attach the shoe, dispose layers of wadding over 
the plantar region; begin by heaping the gap. Afterwards 
put on the splints longitudinally and transversely. Cover the 
heels with small phlegdets. Fasten the dressing by several 
turns of the roller bandage, which in the rear passes over the 
splints that are supported by the heels of the shoe. 

Tlie foot may also be bandaged as after the operation for 
punctured wound of the foot. 

Ill— OPERATION FOR PUNCTURED WOUND 
OF THE FOOT. 

Restraint. — Secure the foot as for removal of the sole. 
Place a bundle of straw under the member or hobble the limb 
in the crossed position for the execution of the essential steps. 

iM.v^/Mme7/.i.s-. — Drawing-knife, sage-knife, forceps, tenacu- 
lum, scraper or curette. If the sole is removed, use the instru- 
ments necessary for that operation. 

Tkchnique. — A.— Paktial Opkkation. — First step : Un- 
sole or thin the horn deeply in the plantar region — sole bars 
and frog. 

Second step : Bxcisioii. — Hollow an infundibuliform cavity 
in the middle zone of the plantar region; excise a part of the 
cushion and aponeurosis. Make the removal with the forceps 
and sage-knife. 

B. — Complete Opekation. — Elfect the first step as for 
partial operation. 



OPERATION FOR PUNCTURED FOOT. 



Ill 



Second step : Removal of the Plantar Cusldon. — The foot 
is held in extension by an assistant ; section the cushion trans- 
versely near its base with the double sage-knife; make the 
section obliquely from back forward, from the surface of the 
cushion towards the aponeurosis, to a point such that the pro- 
longing of the incision in the aponeurosis would lead to the 
posterior border of the os navicular. Seize the anterior part 




Fig. 64.— Complete operation for punctrired foot. 

CP, plantar cushion ; AP, transverse section of the plantar aponeurosis; 
PS, small sessamoid; LS, sessamoido-phalangeal ligament; AP, 
oblique layer of the plantar aponeurosis, near to its insertion ; SI, 
surface for insertion of that aponeurosis. 



of the cushion with the forceps or tenaculum and detach it by 
giving two cuts flatwise with the sage-knife in the hollow of 
the foot. Ordinarily the deep layers of the cushion rest upon 
the aponeurosis ; excise it with the sage-knife and forceps. 



112 EXERCISES IN EQUINE SURGERY. 

TIdrd step : Removal of the Plantar Aponeurosis. — With the- 
sage-knife, resting upon a solid point of support, section the 
plantar aponeurosis transversely from one lateral lacunae to 
the other. At the deepest point the instrument should come 
upon the os navicular near its posterior border. Follow 
Avith a division upon the median line and behind the strip 
of aponeurosis to a level with the sessamoidean ; excise each 
portion successively and separate it with the tenaculum or 
forceps, and cut it with the sage-knife. Be careful of the hand 
at the point of support ; achieve first a transverse section of 
the aponeurosis on one side; then make a curvilinear incision 
toward the semi-lunar crest ; afterwards detach it from the 
phalanx by tearing it from the semi-lunar crest. The same 
manipulation for the other portion. (Nocard.) 

Fourth step : Scraping the Osseotts Faces. — With a scalpel 
blade, a drawing-knife or straight gouge, maneuvered flatwise, 
lift the cartilaginous layer which covers the inferior face of the 
navicular. Lift the terminal fibers of the plantar aponeurosis 
uniformly and scrape the semi-lunar crest, and avoid wound- 
ing the inter-osseous ligament. AVhen the operation is made 
for its therapeutic action, do not scrape the semi-lunar crest. 
Jest the fibers which are attached are struck with necrosis. 
In that case limit the large incision to the necrosis and scrape 
the osseous face corresponding. (Fig. 54). 

Dressing. — Cover the plantar region with layers of wadding 
and bandage the foot or apply a dressing with a shoe as for 
removal of the sole. 

IV.— OPERATION FOR CARTILAGINOUS QUIT~ 

TOR.— COMPLETE REMOVAL OF THE 

FIBRO-CARTILAGE OF THE 

OS PEDIS. 

Restraint. — The animal is cast; fix the limb in a simple 
position, or crossed above or below the knee if it occurs in a 
posterior limb, and above or below the hough if it occurs in an 
anterior member. 

Instrui7ients. — Rasp, drawing-knife, sage-knife, forceps, 
retractor, pieces necessary for dressing. If the operation is. 



OPERATION FOR CARTILAGINOUS QUITTOR. 113 

icade by extirpation also provide tlie instruments necessary to 
detach a part of the wall. 

Techa^ique. — A. — Method by ThinjSTIA'g. — First step: Thin- 
ning of the quarter . — Pare tlije foot thin to the bottom over 
the quarter where you wish to operate, the bar and the corres- 
ponding portion of the sole. Afterward trace a groove upon 
the wall obliquely from above downward, from before back- 
ward, starting fi-om the coronet on a line with the anterior 
extremity of the cartilage, and limit the strip by walls twice 
as far apart at the superior extremity as at the otlier. Thia 
the horny pellicle over tlie entire extent of the narrow strip, 
especially at tlie surface and neighborhood of the coronet. If 
the superficial horny layer is very hard and difficult to cut, 
use a rasp upon it or a cautery heated to a dull red. 

Second step: Incisio7i of the Keratogenous Membrane. — 
Separate the wall from the podophyllous tissue by incising the 
integument between the two portions of the keratogenous 
anembrane along the inferior coronary zone. Make the 
incision with the sage-knife held in the full hand, the thumb 
taking a point of support over the thinned quarter; begin at 
the anterior limit of the thinned portion, to prolong backward 
just within the lateral lacuna, turning round the heel between 
the cutidural circle and podophyllous leaves. The blade of 
the sage-knife held perpendicularly divides only the homy 
pellicle and subjacent tegument. Avoid cutting the cartilage. 

Tliird step : Laying hare of the Coronet and Skin. — Seize 
the inferior border of the coronet with the forceps ; by means 
of a sage-knife detach that organ partially from the cartilage 
for the full length of the incision ; lay it bare for about a cen- 
timeter in width. Towards the middle of the incision foUow 
by introducing a double sage-knife, convex face outward, 
between the coronet and the cartilage Just above its superior 
border. Lay bare the cutidura and skin in the rear first ; hold 
the instrument in the full hand; make it gradually piv^ot on 
its axis backward and. inward to bring the cutting edge upon 
the surface of the cartilage, and by a series of slow movements 
executed from in front backward, separate the cartilaginous 
tegument ; arriving on a level with its posterior border, turn it 



114 EXERCISES IN EQUINE SURGERY. 

and gradually wlllidravv the sage-knife in such a manner that 
the coronet will not be found strongly held upon the cutting 
edge of the instrument. Then follow by manipulating the 
sage-knife from back forward to accomplish the separation on 
a line with the anterior part of the body. During the execu- 
tion of these acts, which are directed toward the complete 
isolation of the whole external face and edges of the cartilage, 
take a point of support over the thinned quarter. Avoid 
equally the cutting of the coronet and the cartilage. 

Fourth step : Extirpation of the Cartilage. — Engage a sim- 
ple sage-knife (right or left, according to the quarter operated 
upon) under the coronet ; introduce it flatwise, the edge turned 
upward and backward, turning the posterior border of the 
body ; execute a half turn of the instrument upon its axis, then 
with a single cut excise the posterior part of the cartilage from 
within to without, and make the exit of the knife above the 
podophyllous leaves. To remove the remaining portion of the 
scutiform plaque, the foot should be held in extension and the 
coronet separated by the tenaculum. By successive attempts 
excise first the inferior part, raising the cartilaginous laminse, 
the thinner as you approach the fibrous layer, which should 
be respected. Shortly the light color and the consistence of 
the cartilaginous tissue give place to a yellowish gray hue, and 
to the suppleness of the fibrous substance. 

To extirpate the superior part, take the other sage-knife and 
work it from bottom to top; completely separate the antero- 
supero angle of the body, where often the cartilaginous layer 
is thickened. To excise the antero-inferior angle, which fills 
the depression situated in front of the basilar apophysis, use 
the curette or small paring-knife. 

If the cartilage has undergone ossification in the region of 
the basilar process, remove that osseous neoformation with the 
paring-knife used as a little gouge. When the ossification of the 
plaque is extensive, remove all. Detach it first from the 
phalanx by making a furrow at its base with the paring-knife, 
and achieving the operation with the hoof-knife and the ham- 
mer. Afterwards separate it with the hoof -knife and with a 
sage-knife detach it from adjoining tissues. All these manipu- 



OPERATION FOR CARTILAGINOUS QUITTOR. 115 

lations should be eflEected, taking the necessary care not to 
■wound the synovial membrane, nor the lateral ligaments at 
their juncture with the foot. Nearly always in front of the 
body there rests a cartilaginous portion of the scutiform 
plaque. Remove it by thin layers as in the classic operation. 
B. — Method by Extirpation. — First step : Furrowing. — 
Pare the foot and the inferior face of the heel thin ; groove the 
wall from the edge of the coronet to tlie plantar border, mak- 




Pig. 55.— Complete operation for ube removal of cartilaginous ctuittor. 
(Method by thinning ) The cartilaginous layer of the scutiform 
plaque is removed. 

ing the furrow a centimeter and a half wide obliquely down- 
ward and backward, beginning at the anterior part of the 
cartilage, the limits of the superior extremity of the strip 
should be double the width of the inferior. Make another 
groove in the plantar region from the inferior extremity of the 
first to the heel. 

Second step : Forcibly Removing the Strip of WaZZ.— Incise 
the horny pelhcle at the bottom of tlie groove, along the 



1-16 



EXERCISES IN EQUINE SURGERY. 



border of the part to be removed in a manner to conserve a 
thin band of a centimeter in front of the podophyllous tissue. 
Follow by detaching that portion of the wall, proceeding in 
the same manner as has been indicated for sand-crack. 




Fig. 56.— Bandage of the Foot. 

At the third stej) prolong the incision of the keratogenous 
membrane upon this band. 

After that effect the uncovering and extirpation as in the 
first procedure. 

Dressing with a Shoe. — Attach the shoe; place a tampon of 
wadding in the depression under the podophyl and coronet. 



OPERATION FOR CARTILAGINOUS QUITTOR. 117 

in order to conserve the disposition of the eutidural region ; 
heap up the parietal breach, dispose large layers of wadding 
and secure it with the bandage. Pass the first circular turn 
at the middle of the dressing, reverse the bandage on a level 
with tlie shoe heel on opposite sides and hold the end to the 
point perpendicular to the plantar region ; pass it from behind 
forward, the second turn above, and the third below. Fix the 
dressing solidly by associating the reverse circular turns 
between the heel and tlie end and cover the part as in the 
dressing of a sand crack. Secure the ends with a straight 
knot. 

Bandage loithotit a Shoe. — After having placed a wadding 
tampon under the coronet and heaped the gap at the quaiter, 
envelop the foot and digital region by layers of super-imposed 
wadding. Secure these by turns of bandage upon the phalan- 
geal ray and by the reverses passed under the plantar region. 

Cover the dressing with a linen sheet two or four-ply and 
complete by a double braid of straw. (Fig. 56). 



ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 



PAGE 

Amputation of the ear 88 

Amputation of the tail 89 

Amputation of the penis 66 

Anaesthesia 12 

Arytenectomy 37 

Autoplasty of the knee ; . . 105 

Bleeding from the angularis 8 

Bleeding from the cephalic vein .... 9 

Bleeding from the jugular vein 8 

Bleeding from the palate 12 

Bleeding from the saphena 11 

Bleeding from the subcutaneous of the forearm 10 

Bleeding from the subcutaneous thoracic vein 10 

Bleeding from the toe 11 

Castration of the cryptorchid 60 

Castration by Belgian operation 61 

Castration by Danish operation 65 

Castration of the horse 54 

Castration with clamps 54 

Castration with the cords covered 57 

Castration by limited torsion 58 

Castration with the testicles covered 54 

Castration with the testicles uncovered , . . 56 

Castration, aseptic 59 

Catheterization of the oesophagus 43 

Catheterization of the urethra in the horse 48 

Catheterization of the urethra in the mare 67 

Caudal myotomy 90 

119 



120 INDEX. 

PAGE 

Cauterization 26 

Cauterization in lines 27 

Cauterization in fine penetrating points 30 

Cauterization with needles 30 

Cauterization, subcutaneous 30 

Cauterization in superficial points 28 

Desmotomy 97 

Dcsmotoray, cervical 46 

Desmotomy, metacarpal 97 

Desmotomy, patellar 98 

Enterotomy 48 

Eye, examination of the 78 

Eye, examination by direct illumination 78 

Eye, examination by oblique light 79 

Eye, examination with the ophthalmoscope". 78 

Eye, extirpation of the 80 

Eye, operation for cataract 79 

Eye, puncture of the cornea 79 

Eye, test of the pupil 78 

Hyovertebrotomy 32 

Inguinal kelotomy 51 

Intravenous injection of chloral hydrate 12 

Kelotomy, inguinal 51 

Laparotomy 72 

Laryngeal tracheotomy 37 

Ligature of the carotid 21 

Ligature of the glosso facial 20 

Ligature of the intercostal arteries 21 

Ijigature of the jugular vein 20 

Ligature of the plantar artery 22 

Ligature of the saphena artery 22 

Ligature of Steno's duct 82 

Ligature of vessels 19 

Myotomy, caudal, 90 



INDEX. 121 

PAGE 

Neurectomy 98 

Neurectomy above the fetlock 101 

Neurectomy below the fetlock 99 

Neurectomy, median , 103 

Neurectomy, sciatic 104 

Oesophagotomy 44 

Ovariotomy 68 

Operation for cartilaginous quittor 113 

Operation for punctured wound of the foot 110 

Paracentisis 47 

Phlebotomy 7 

Removal of the sole 109 

Resection of the spinous processes 46 

Restraint 3 

Restraint in the standing position ,..,,.. 3 

Restraint in the recumbent position « , 4 

Repulsion of the molars . . , 87 

Sand cracks 107 

Sand cracks, grooving 107 

Sand cracks, thinning in V shape 107 

Sand cracks, operation for 107 

Setons 13 

Seton in the breast 14 

Seton in the buttock 18 

Seton in the haunch 17 

Seton in the jaw 15 

Seton in the neck 15 

Seton over the ribs 16 

Seton in the shoulder 16 

Seton in the stifle 18 

Seton, rowel , 19 

Seton, ventral 19 

Sutures 22 

Suture, Bayer's 26 



122 INDEX. 

PAGE 

Suture, Chaput's 76 

Suture, continuous 23 

Suture, Czerney's 75 

Suture, dossil 25 

Suture, Gely's 74 

Suture, interrupted 23 

Suture, intestinal 72 

Suture, Jobert's 72 

Suture, Lembert's 73 

Suture, quilled 25 

Sut ure, twisted 24 

Tenotomy 92 

Tenotomy, eunean 95 

Tenotomy, plantar 93 

Tenotomy, supracarpal . . 92 

Tenotomy of the lateral extensors of the phalanges 97 

Thoraeentisis 47 

Tracheotomy 84 

Tracheotomy, laryngeal. ... 37 

Trejihining 83 

Trephining of the frontal sinuses 83 

Trephining of the inferior maxillary sinuses 85 

Trepliining of the superior ra&xiliaiy sinuse? 85 

Urethrotomy , . . ...., 49 



WILLIAM R. JENKINS' 

Veterinary Books, 



1897. 



(*) Single asterisk designates Neiv Books. 
(**) Double asterisk designates Recent Publications . 



ANDERSON, " Vice in the Horse " and olher papers 
on Horses and Kiding. By E. L. Anderson. Demy, 
8vo, cloth 2 00 

— " How to Ride and Scliool a Horse." With a System 
of Horse Gymnastics. By Edward L. Anderson. 
Cr. 8vo , 1 00 

{**)BACH. "How to Judg-e aHorse." A concise treatise 
as to its Qualities and Soundness ; Including Bits and 
Bitting— Saddles and Saddling, Stable Drainage, Driv- 
ing One Horse, a Pair, Four-in-hand, or Tandem, etc. 
By Captain F, W. Bach. 12mo, cloth, fully illustrated 
$1 00; paper 50 

BANHAM. "Tables of Veterinary Posolo^y and 
Therapeutics, " with weights, measures, etc. By 
George A. Banhan, F.K.C.V.S. 12mo, cloth 75 

BAUCHER. 'Method of Horsemanship." Including 
the Breaking and Training of Horses 1 00 



3 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jeiikins 

BELL. "The Veterinarians Call Book (Perpetual)." 

By Roscoe K. Bell, D V.8., Profsssor of Materia 
Medlca, Therapeutics and Hygiene in the American 
Veterinary College, New York ; President of the Long 
Island Veterinary Society ; late U. S. Goverment 
, Veterinary Inspector, etc. 

A visiting list, that can be commenced at any time 
and used until full, c(»ntaining much useful informa- 
tion for the student and the busy practitioner. 
A raong contents are items concerning : Veterinary 
Drugs ; Poisons ; Solubility of Drugs ; Composition of 
Milk, Bile, Blood, Gastric Juice, Urine, Saliva; Respi- 
ration; Dentition; Temperature, etc., etc. Bound in 
leather, with flap and pocket 1 25 

{*)BItA DLEY. " Outlines of Veterinary Anatomy." 

By O. Charnock Bradley, Member of the Royal Col- 
lege of Veterinary Surgeons ; Professor of Anatomy 
in the New Veterinary College, Edinburgh. 

The author presents the most important facts of 
veterinary anatomy in as condensed a form as possible, 
consistent with lucidity. 12mo, cloth. 

Part I. : The. Limbs 1 25 

Part II : The Trunk 125 

Pakt III. : The Head and Neck 1 25 

The Set complete 3 50 

CLE3IENT. " Veterinary Post Mortem Examina- 
tions." By A. W, Clement, V.S. Records of 
autopsies, to be of any value, should accurately 
represent the appearances of the tissues and organs 
so that a diagnosis might be made by the reader were 
not the examiners conclusions stated. To make thei 
pathological conditions clear to the reader, some 
definite system of dissection is necessary. The 
absence in the English language, of any guide in 
making autopsies upon the lower animals, induced 
Dr. Clement to write this book, trusting that it 
would prove of practical value to the profession. 
12mo, cloth, illustrated 75 



851-853 Sixth Avenue {cor. 4:8th St.), New York. 3 

{**)CADIOT. "Roaring in Horses." Its Pathology 
and Treatment. This work represents the latest 
development in operative methods for the alleviation 
of roaring. Each step is most clearly defined by 
excellent full-page illustrations. By P. J. Cadiot, 
Professor at the Veterinary School, Alfort. Trans. 
Thos J. Watt Dollar, M.R.C.V.S.. etc. Cloth 75 

— " Exercises in Eqnine Surgery." By P. J. Cadiot. 

Translated by Prof. A. W. Bitting, M.D.V.S., edited 
by Prof. A. Liautard, M.D.V.S. 8vo, cloth, illus- 
trated 2 50 

CHAWEAU. "The Comparative Anatomy of tlie 
Domesticated Animals." By A. Chauveau. New 
edition, translated, enlarged and entirely revised by 
George Fleming, F.K.C.V.S. 8vo. cloth with 585 
Illustrations 5 75 

CLABKE. "Horses' Teeth." A Treatise on their 
Anatomy, Pathology, Dentistry, etc. Revised and 
enlarged. By W. H. Clarke. 12mo, cloth 2 50 

— "Chart of the Feet and Teeth of Fossil 

Horses." 25 

CLE A VELiAND. " Pronouncing Medical Lexicon." 

Pocket edition. Cloth 75 

COURTNEY. "Manual of Veterinary Medicine and 
Surgery." By Edward Courtney, V. S. Crown, 8vo, 
cloth 2 75 

{**)COX. "Horses: In Accident and Disease." The 

sketches introduced embrace various attitudes which 
have been observed, such as in choking ; the disorders 
and accidents occurring to the stomach and intestines ; 
affection of the brain ; and some special forms of lame- 
ness, etc. By J. Eoalfe Cox, F.K.C.V.S. 8vo, cloth, 
fully illustrated 1 50 



4 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins 

CURTIS. "Horses, Cattle, Sheep and Swine." The 

origin, history, improvement, description, characteris- 
tics, merits, objections, etc. By Geo. W, Curtis, 
M.S.A. Superbly illustrated. Cloth, $2 00; half 
sheep, $2.75 ; half morocco 3 5U 

DALB¥3irLE. " Veterinary Obstetrics." A com- 
pendium for the use of advanced students and Practi- 
tioners. By W. H. Dalrymple, M.K.C.V.S., late 
principal of the Department of Veterinary Science in 
the Louisiana State University and A. & M. College; 
late Veterinarian to the Louisiana State Bureau of 
Agriculture, and Agricultural Experiment Stations; 
Member of the United States Veterinary Medical 
Associations, etc. (In preparation.) 

DALZIEL, " Britisli Dogs." Describing the History, 
Characteristics, Points, and Club Standards, etc., etc. 
With numerous colored plates and wood engravings. 
By Hugh Dalziel. Vol. I., $4 00. Vol. II., 8vo.4 10 

— " The Fox Terrier." Illustrated. (Monographs on 

British Dogs) 1 00 

— "Fox Terrier Stud Book." Edited by Hugh Dalziel. 

Vol. I. Containing Pedigrees of over 1,400 of the best- 
known Dogs, traced to their most remote known an- 
cestors 1 00 

Vol. II. Pedigrees of 1,544 Dogs, Show Record, &c.l 00 
Vol. III. Pedigrees of 1,214 Dogs.Show Kecord,&c.l 00 
Vol. IV. Pedigrees of l,lb8 Dogs,Show Record,&c.l 00 
Vol. V. Pedigrees of 1,662 Dogs, Show Record, &c.l 00 

— *'The St. Bernard." Illustrated 1 00 



851-853 Sixth Avenue {cor. iSth St.), New York. 5 
" St. Bernard Stud Book." Edited by Hugh Dalziel. 

Vol. I. Pedigrees of 1,278 of tiie best-known Dogs, 
traced to their most remote known ancestors, Show 
Record, &c 1 00 

Vol. II. Pedigrees of 56i Dogs, Show Eecord, &C..1 00 

— "The Diseases of Dog's." Their Pathology, Diagnosis 

and Treatment, with a dictionary of Canine Materia- 
Medica. By Hugh Dalziel. 12mo, cloth 80 

— " Diseases of Horses." 12mo, cloth 1 00 

— "Breaking and Training' Dogs." Being concise 

directions for the proper education of dogs, both 
for the field and for companions. Second edi- 
tion, revised and enlarged. Part I, by Pathfinder: 
Part II, by Hugh Dalziel. 12mo, cloth, illus .... 2 . 60 

— " The Collie." Its History, Points, and Breeding. By 

Hugh Dalziel. Illustrated, 8vo, cloth. 1 00 

— "The Greyliound." 8vo, cloth, illus 1 00 

DANCE. " Veterinary Tablet." Folded in cloth case. 
The tablet of A. A. Dance is a synopsis of the diseases 
of horses, cattle and dogs with the causes, symptoms 
and cures 75 

DAJSTA. "Tables in Comparative Physiology," By 

Prof. C. L.Dana, M.D 25 

DAY. "The Race-horse in Training," By Wm. Day, 
8vo 3 50 



6 Veterinary Catalogue of William B. Jenkins 

{**)DUN. "Veterinary Medicines, Their Actions and 

Uses." By Finlay Dun, V.S. llevised edition (almost 
entirely re- written) 8vo, cloth 3 50 

DWTEB. *' Seats and Saddles." Bits and Bitting, 
Draugiit and Harness and the Prevention and Cure of 
Eestiveness in Horses. By Francis Dwyer. Illus- 
trated. 1 vol., 12mo, cloth, gilt 1 50 

{*)FLEMING. "Veterinary Obstetrics." Including the 
Accidents and Diseases incident to Pregnancy, Parturi- 
tion, and the early Age in Domesticated Animals. 
By Geo. Fleming, F.fl.C.V.S. With 212 illustrations. 
New edition revised, 226 illustrations, 758 pages. .-6 25 
773 pages, Svo, cloth (old edition) ^ 3 50 

— "Rabies and Hydrophobia" History. Natural 

Causes, Symptoms and Prevention. By Geo. 
Fleming, M. B.C. V.S. Svo, cloth 3 75 

— " Propagation of Tnbercuiosis." Stating Injurious 

Effects from the consumption of the Flesh and 
Milk of Tuberculous Animals. By Geo. Fleming, 
M.D., M.R.C.V.S., and others. Svo, cloth 1 50 

— "A Treatise on Practical Horseshoeing." By George 

Fleming, M.R.C.V.S. Cloth .75 

— "Tnberciilosis." From a Sanitary and Pathological 

Point of View 25 

— "The Contagions Diseases of Animals." Their 

influence on the wealth and health of nations. 
12mo, paper 25 



851-853 Sixth Avenue {cor: 4$th St.), Neio York. 7 

— "Operative Veterinary Surgery." Part I, by Dr. 

Geo. Fleming, M.R.C.V.S. This valuable work, 
the most practical treatise yet issued on the 
subject in the English language, is devoted to the 
common operations of Veterinary Surgery, and the 
concise descriptions and directions of the text are illus- 
trated with numerous wood engravings. 8vo,cloth.2 75 
Orders %vill now be received for the isecond volume. 

— " Human and Animal Variolae." A Study in 

Comparative Pathology. Paper 25 

— "Animal Plagues." Their History, Nature, and 

Prevention. By George Fleming, F. E. C. V. S., etc. 
First Series. Svo, cloth, $6.00; Second Series. 
Bvo, cloth 3 00 

— " Roaring in Horses." By Dr. George Fleming, 

F.E C.V.S. A treatise on this peculiar disorder 
of the Horse, indicating its method of treatment 
and curability. Svo, cloth, with col. plates 1 50 

{**, FLEMING-NEUMANN. "Parasites and Para- 
sitic Diseases of tlie Domesticated Animals." A 

work which the students of human or veterinary medi- 
cine, the sanitarian, agriculturist or breeder or rearer 
of animals, may refer for full information regarding 
the external and internal Parasites — vegetable and 
animal — which attack various species of Domestic 
Animals. A Treatise by L, G. Neumann, Professor 
at the National Veterinary School of Toulouse. 
Translated and edited by George Fleming, C, B., L.L. 
D.,F.E..G.V.S. 873 pages, 365 illustrations, cloth. 7 50 

FBIEDBERGEB - FMOHNEB. 'Pathology 

and Therapeutics of the Domesticated Animals." 

Translated by Prof. L. Zuill, M. D., D. V. S. 
2 vol 12 00 



*^ Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins 

GUESS WEL L. "The Diseases and Disorders of the 
Ox." By George Gresswell, B.A. With Notes by 
James B. Gresswell. Crown, 8vo, cloth, illus — 3 50 

— " Diseases and Disorders of the Horse." By Albert, 

James B., and George Gresswell. Crown, 8vo, illus- 
trated, cloth 1 75 

GRESS WELL. Manual of "The Theory and Practice 
of Equine Medicine." By J. B. Gresswell, F.R C.V.S., 
and Albert Gresswell, M.R.C.V.S., second edition, 
enlarged, 8 vo, cloth 2 75 

— " Veterinary Pharmacology and Tlierapentics." By 

James B. Gresswell, F.R.C.V.S. 16mo, cloth . . .1 5U 

— " The Bovine Prescriber." For the use of Veterina- 

rians and Veterinary Students. By James B. and 
Albert Gresswell, M.R.C.V.S Cloth 75 

— "Tlie Equine Hospital Prescriber." Drawn up for the 

use of Veterinary Practitioners and Students. By 
Drs. James B. and Albert Gresswell, M.E.C.V.S. 
Cloth 75 

— "Veterinary Pharmacopeia, Materia Medica and 

Therapeutics." By George and Charles Gresswell, 
witti descriptions and physiological actions of medi- 
cines. B3' Albert Gresswell. Crown, 8vo,cl 2 75 

(**) GOTTHEIL. "A Manual of General Histology. " 

By Wm. S. Gottheil, M.D., Professor of Pathology in 
the American Veterinary College, New York ; etc., etc. 

Histology is the basis of the ph3''sieian's art, as 
Anatomy is the foundation of the surgeon's science. 
Only by knowing the processes of life can we under- 
stand the changes of disease and the action of remedies ; 
as the architect must know his building materials, so 
must the practitioner of medicine know the intimate 
structure of the body. To present this knowledge in 
an accessible and simple form has been the author's 
task. 8vo.> cloth, 148 pages, fully illustrated. . . 1 00 



851-853 Sixth Avenue {cor. 4:8th St.), Keiv York. 9 

{*)HASSLOCH. "A Couipend of YeteriDary Materia 
Medica and Therapeutics. " By Dr. A. G. Hassloch, 
V.S., Lecturer on Materia Metlica and Therapeutics, 
and Professor of Veterinary Dentistry at the NewYork 
College of Veterinary Surgeons and School of Compa- 
rative Medicine, N. Y, 12mo, cloth, 225 pages . .1 50 

HA TES. " Veterinary Xotes for Horse-Owners." An 

every day Horse Book. Illustrated. ByM. H.Hayes. 
12mo, clotli 5 00 

— "Riding:." On the Flat and Across Country. A Guide 

to Practical Horsemanship. By Captain M. H. Hayes. 
Second edition, 16mo, cloth . . 4 25 

— "Illustrated Horse Breaking-." By Captain M. H. 

Hayes. 12mo, cloth, illustrated 8 40 

— "The Horsewoman." By Captain M. H. Hayes and 

Mrs. Hayes. 12mo, cloth, illustrated 4 25 

{'*)HEATLEY. "Tlie Stock Owner's Guide." A 

handy Medical Treaiii-e for every man who owns an 
ox or cow. By George S. Heatley, M.E C.V. 12mo, 
cloth 1 25 

— "T!ie Horse Owner's Safeg-uard." A handy Medical 

Guide for every Horse Owner. 12mo, cloth . . . . 1 50 

— "Practical Veterinary Remedies." 12mo, cloth... l 00 

BILL. " The Principles and Practice of Boyine Med- 
icine and Surgery." By J. Woodroffe Hill, F.R.C.V.S. 
Cloth. (T<-mporarily out of print). 



10 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins 

HILL. " The Management and Diseases of the Dog" 

Containing full instructions for Breeding, Rearing and 
Kenneling Dogs. Their Different Diseases. How to 
detect and how to cure them. Their Medicines, and 
the doses in which they can be safely administered. 
By J. Woodroffe Hill, F.R.C.V.S. 12mo, cloth, extra 
fully illustrated 2 00 

HINEBA UCH. ' ' Veteri nary Dental Surgery. " For 

the use of Students, Practitioners and Stockmen. 

12mo, cloth, illustrated 2 00 

Sheep , • 2 75 

i'*)HOARE. "A Manual of Veterinary Therapeutics 
and Pharmacology." By E. Wallis Hoare, F.R.C.V.S. 
12mo, cloth, 56ii pages 2 75 

"Deserves a good place in the libraries of all veterina- 
rians. * * * Cannot help but I. e of the greatest assist- 
ance to the young veterinariiin and the every day busy 
practitioner."— ^?)ieri("a?i Veterinaru Review. 

{')KOBEBT. "Practical Toxicology for Physicians 
and Students." By Prof. Dr. Rudolph Kobert, 
Director of the Pharmacological Institute, Dorpat, 
Russia. Translated and edited hj L. H. Friedburg, 
Ph.D., of Dept. of Chemistry, College of City of New 
York, Prof, of Chemistry and Toxicology at the Ame- 
rican Veterinary College, New York, and New York 
Homcepathic Medical College and Hospital. Author- 
ized edition. (In preparation . ) 

KOCH. "JEtiology of Tuberculosis." By Dr. R. 

Koch. Translated by T. Saure. 8vo, cloth 1 00 



851-853 Sixth Avenue (cor. 4Sth St.), Neiv York. 11 

KEATING. "A New Unabridged Pronoiinoing: 
Dictionary of Medicine." By John M. Keatinjr, M D., 
LL.D., Henry Hamilton and othfrs. A voluminous 
and exhaustive hand-book of Medical and scie-ntific 
terminology with Phonetic Pronunciation, Accentu- 
ation, Etymology, etc. With an appendix containing 
important tables of Bacilli, Microcci Leucomaines, 
Ptomaines; Drugs and Materials used in Antiseptic 
Surgery; Poisons and their antidotes; Weights and 
Measures; Themometer Scales; New OfBcinal and 
Unofflcinal Drugs, etc., etc. 8 vo, 818 pages 5 00 

LAMBERT. "The tlerm Theory of Disease." 

Bearing upon the health and welfare of man and the 
domesticated animals. By James Lambert, F.K.C.V.S. 
8vo. paper .'Ih 

LAW. "Farmers' Teterinary Adviser." A Guide to 
the Prevention and Treatment of Di-ease in Domestic 
Animals. By Professor James Law. Illustrated. 8vo, 
cloth 3 on 

LIA UTARD. "Median Neurotomy in the Trealmert 
Chronic Tendinitis and Periostosis'of the Fetlock." 

By C. Pellerin, late Kepetitor of Clinic and Suigei-y to 
the Alfort Veterinary School. Translated with adrli- 
tional facts relating to it, by Prof A. Liautard, M.D., 
V.M. 

Having rendered good results when performed by 
himself, the author believes the operation, which 
consists in dividing 'he cubito-plantar nerve and in 
excising a portion of the periphericsl end, ihe means 
of improving the conditions, and consequently tht, 
values of many apparentlv doomed animals. Agricul- 
ture in particular will be benefited. 

The work is divided in'o two parts. The first covers 
the study of Median Neurotomy itself; the second, 
the exact relations of the facts as observed by the 
author. 8vo., boards 1 00 



12 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins 

OLIAUTARD. 'Manual of Operative Veleriiiaiy 
JSiirgery " By A. ijiautatd, M.D., V.M., Principal 
and Prof essof of Anatomy, Surgery, Sanitary Medicine 
ami Jurisprudence in the American Veterinary College; 
Chevalier du Merite Agricole de France, Honoiary 
Fellow of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeon;? 
(London), etc., etc. 8vo, cloth, 786 pages an J nearly 
6U0 illustrations (i OU 

— ^^Animal Castration." A concise and practical Treatise 

on the Castration of the Domestic Animals. The 
only work on the subject in the English language. 
Illustrated with forty-four cuts. 12mo, cloth... 2 OU 

(*) " Vade Mecum of Equine Anatomy." By A. Liautard, 
M.D.V.S. Dean of the Ameiican Veterinaiy College. 
12iuo. cloth. New edition, with illustrations. . ..2 00 

— "Translation of Zundel on tlie Horse's Foot." 

Cloth 2 UO 

— *' How to Tell the Age of tlie Domestic Animal." By 

Di.A. Liautard, ALD., V.S. Profusely illustrated. 
12ino, cloth 50 

— "On the Lameness of Horses." By A. Liautard, 

xM.U.,V.S 2 5U 

See also ^^CadioVs Surrjerij." 
LOyO. "Book of the Pis?." Its selection, Breeding, 
Feeding and Management. 8vo, cloth 4 25 

{''*)LUFTON. " Hor.^es : Sound andl^nsound," with 
Law relating to hales and WHiranty. liy J.Irvine 
L'lpton, F.R.C.V.S. 8vo, cloth, illustrated 1 25 

— '*The Horse." As he Was, as he Is, and as he 

Ought to B.'. By J. 1. Lupton, F. B.C. V.S. Illus- 
trated. Crown, fcvo 1 40 



851-853 Sixth Avenue {cor. A8th St.), New York. 13 

MAGNEM. "Facts for Horse Owners." By D. 

Magner. Upwards of 1,000 pages, illustrated with 900 
engravings. 8vo, cloth, S5.01); sheep, $6.00; full 
morocco 7 50 

MAGNEJR. "Teterinary Diagrams." (1) The Struc- 
ture of Horses Feet (in colors). The Structure of 
Horses Feet (Effects of Bad Treatment of the Feet). 

Mounted and Varnished 2 00 

(2) The Shoeing of the Horse. The Education of the 
Horse. Mounted and Varnished 2 W 

MATUEW. "The Dlustrated Horse Doctor." An 

accurate and detailed account of the Various Diseases 
to which the Equine Race is subject ; together with the 
latest mode of Treatment, and all the Eequisite Pre- 
scriptions written in plain English. By E. Edward 
Maynew, M.R.C.V.S. Illustrated. Entirely new 
edition, 8vo, cloth 2 75 

McBBIDE. "Anatomical Outlines of the Horse." 

12mo, cloth 2 50 

McCOMBIE. "Cattle and Cattle Breeders." Cloth. 1 00 

M'FADYEAN. "Anatomy of the Horse." A Dis- 
section Guide. By J. M. M'Fadyean, M.R.C.V.S. 
This book is intended for Veterinary students, and 
offers to them in its 48 full-page colored plates numer- 
ous other engravings and excellent text, the most 
valuable and practical aid in the study of Veterinary 
Anatomy, especially in the dissecting room. 8vo, 
cloth 5 50 

— " Comparative Anatomy of the Domesticated Ani- 
mals." By J. M'Fadyean. Profusely illustrated, 
and to be issued in two parts. Ptrt I — Osteology, 

ready. Paper, $2 50 ; cloth 2 75 

(Part II. in preparation.) 



14 Veterinary Catalogue of Williavi R. Jenkins 

MILLS. "How to Keep a Dog in the City.'' By 

Wesley Mills, M.D , V.S. It tells how to choose 
manage, house, feed, educate the pup, how to keep him 
clean and teach him cleanliness. Paper 25 

{**)MOLLEIl. "Operative Veterinary Surgery." By 

Professor Dr. H. Moller, Berlin. Translated and 
edited from the 2ti edition, enlarged and improved, 
by John A. W, Dollar. M.E^C.S. 

Prof. MoUer's work presents the most recent and 
complete exposition of the Principles and Practice of 
Veterinary Surgery, and is the standard text-book on the 
auhjeiit throughout Germany. 

Many subjects ignored in previous treatises on 
Veterinary Surgery here receive full consideration, 
while the better known are presented under new and 
suggestive aspects. 

As Prof. MoUer's work represents not only his 
own opinions and practice, but those of the best 
Veterinary Surgeons of various countries, the trans- 
lation cannot fail to be of signal service to American 
and British Veterinarians and to Students of Veter- 
inary and Comparative Surgery. 

1 vol., 8vo. 722 pages, 142 illustrations 5 25 

MORETON. " On Horse-brealiing." 12mo, cl...50 

MOSSELMAN-LIENA UX. "Veterinary Microbio- 
logy." By Professors Mosselman and Lienaux, Nat- 
ional Veterinary College, Cureghem, Belgium. Trans- 
lated and edited by R. R. Dinwiddle, Professor of 
Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Arkansas 
State University. 12mo, cloth, 312 pages 2 00 



851-853 Sixth Avenue {cor. A8ili St.), New York. 15 

*)NOCABD. " The Animal Tuberciiloses, and llieir 
Relation to Human Tuberculosis." By Ed. Nocard, 
Professor of the Alfort Veterinary College. Trans- 
lated by H. Scfirfield, M.D. Ed., Ph. Camb. 

Perhaps the chief interest to doctors of human 
medicine in Professor Nocard's book lies in the 
demonstration of the small part played by heredity, 
and the great part played by contagion in the propa- 
gation of bovine tuberculosis. It seems not unreason- 
able to suppose that the same is the case for human 
tuberculosis, and that, if the children of tuberculosis 
parents were protected from infection by cohabitation 
or ingestion, the importance of heredity as a cause of 
the disease, or even of the predisposition to it, would 
dwindle away into insignificance. 12mo, cloth 143 
1 00 

PEGLEM. "The Book of tlie Goat." 12mo, cloth. 1 75 

PELLERIN. "Median Neurotomy in the Treatment 
of Chronic Tendinitis and Periostosis of the Fetlock." 

By C. Pellerin, late repetitor of Clinic and Surgery to 
the Alfort Veterinary School. Translated, with Addi- 
tional Facts Relating to It, by Prof. A. Liautard, M.D., 
V.M. 8vo, boards, illustrated 1 00 

See also londer Liautard. 

PMOCTOM. " The Management and Treatment of 
the Horse" in the Stable, Field and ou the Eoad. 
By William Proctor. 8vo 2 40 

PETERS. "A Tuberculous Herd- Test with Tuber- 
culin." By Austin Peters, M. E. C. V. S., Cliief 
Inspector of Cattle for the New York State Board of 
Health during the winter of 1892-93. Pamphlet 25 



16 Veterinary Catalogue of William R Jenkins 

REYNOLD. "Breeding and Management of Draught 
Horses." 8vo, cloth 140 



ROBERTSON. "The Practice of Equine Medicine." 

A text-book especially adapted for the use of Veter- 
inary students and Veterinarians. By \V. Eobertson, 
Principal and Professor of Hippopathology in the 
lloyal Veterinary College, London. 8vo. cloth, 806 
pages, revised edition 6 25 



DROBERGE. "The Foot of the Horse," or Lame- 
ness and all Diseases of the Feet traced to an Unbal- 
anced Foot Bone, prevented or cured by balancing the 
foot. By David Roberge. Svo, cloth 5 00 



(**jS3IITH. *'A Manual of Tcterinary Physiology." 

By Veterinary Captain F. Smith, M.R.C.V.S. Author 
of "A Manual of Veterinary Hygiene." 

Throughout this manual the object has been to con- 
dense the information as much as possible. The 
broad facts of the sciences are stated so as to render 
tliem of use to the student and practitioner. In this 
second edition — rewritten — the whole of the Nervous 
System has been revised, a new chapter dealing with 
the Development of the Ovum has been added together 
with many additional facts and illustrations. About 
one hundred additional pages are given. Second 
edition, revised and enlarged, with additional illus- 
trations 3 75 

{**)SMITH. "Manual of Yeterinary Hygiene." 2nd 

edition, revised. Crown, Svo, cloth 3 25 



851-853 Sixth Avenue {cor. 48th St.), Neic York. 17 

STORNMOUTH. "Manual of Scientific Terms." 

Especially referring to those in Botanj', Natural 
History, Medical and Veterinary Science. By Eev. 
James Stornmouth — 3 (JO 

{**) STRANGE WAY. "Veterinary Anatomy." New 

edition, revised and edited by I. Vaughn, F.L.S., 
M.K.C.V.S., with several hundred illustrations. Svo. 
cloth 5 OU 

(*) S USSD OBF. Colored Plates specially for Lectures. 

Size 40x27. By Professor Sussdorf, M.D. Translated 
by Prof. W. Owen Williams, of the New Veterinary 
College, Edinburgh. 

Plate 1. — " Diagram of the Horse." Left or near side 
viejv. 

Plate 2. — " Diagram of the Mare." Right side view. 

Plate 3. ''Anatomy of the Cow," showing the 
position of the viscera in the large cavities of the body. 

Plate 4. " The Ox." Showing right side view of the 
position of the viscera in the large cavities of the 
body. 

(Plates 5 and 6 in preparation.) 

Price, unmounted 1 75 each 

" mounted on linen, with roller.. .1 75 extra " 

VETEJEtlNABY DIAGRAMS in Tabular Form. 
Size, 28J in. x 22 inches. Piice per set of five. . . 4 75 

No. 1. " The External Form and Elementary Ana- 
tomy of the Horse-" Eight coloured illustraiions — 
1. External regions ; 2. Slieleton ; 3. Muscles (Superior 
Layer) ; 4. Muscles (Deep Layer) ; 5. Respiratory Ap- 
paratus ; 6. Digestive Apparatus ; 7. Circulatory Ap- 
paratus ; 8. Nerve Apparatus ; with letter-press descrip- 
tion 1 25 



18 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins 

No. 2. "The Age of Domestic Animals." Forty-two 
figures illustrating the structure of the teeth, indicat- 
ing the Age of the Horse, Ox, Sheep, and Dog, with 
full description 75 



No. 3. "The Unsoundness and Defects of the Horse." 

Fifty figures illustrating— 1. The Defects of Confor- 
mation ; 2. Defects of Position ; 3. Infirmities or Signs 
of Disease ; 4. Unsoundnesses ; 5. Defects of the Foot ; 
with full description 75 

No. 4. "The Shoeing of the Horse, Mule and Ox." 

Fifty figures descriptive t>f the Anatomy and Physio- 
logy of the Foot and of Horse-shoeing 75 



No. 5. "The Elementary Anatomy, Points, and But- 
cher's Joints of the Ox." Ten coloured illustrations 
— 1. Skeleton; 2. Nervous System: 3. Digestive 
System (Right Side) ; 4. Respiratory System ; 5. Points 
of a Fat Ox ; 6. Muscular System ; 7. Vascular System ; 
8. Digestive System (Left Side) ; 9. Butcher's Sections 
of a Calf ; 10. Butcher's Sections of an Ox ; with full 
description 1 25 



WALLEY. "Hints on the Breeding and Rearing of 
Farm Animals." 12nio, cloth 80 



"Four Bovine Scourges." (Pleuro - Pneumonia, 
Foot and Mouth Disease, Cattle Plague and 
Tubercle.) With an Appendix on the Inspection of 
Live Animals and Meat. Illustrated, 4to, cloth. .6 40 



851-853 Sixth Avenue {cor. iSth St.), New I orJc. 19 

— "The Horse, Cow and Dog." By Dr. Thomas 
Walley. A poetical account of the "Troubl- 
ous Life of the Horse " ; " The Life of a Dairy Cow," 
and " The Life of a Dog " ; with an article on Animal 
Characteristics. 12mo, cloth 80 

(*) WALLEY. "Jl Practical Guide to Meat Inspection." 

By Thomas Walley, M.K.C.V.S., formerly principal 
of the Edinburgh Eoyal (Dick) Veterinary College; 
Professor of Veterinary Medicine and Suigery, etc. 
Third Edition, thoroughly revised, with forty-five 

coloured illustrations, 12mo, cloth 3 00 

An experience of over 30 years in his profession 
and a long official connection (some sixteen years) 
with Edinburgh Abattoirs have enabled the author to 
gather a large store of information on the subject, 
which he has embodied in his book. Dr. Walley's opi- 
nions are regarded as the highest authority on Meat 
Inspection. 

{**) WILLIAMS. "Principles and Practice of Veter- 
inary Medicine." New author's edition, entirely 
revised and illustrated with numerous plain and color- 
ed plates. By W. Williams, M.K.C.V.S.Svo., cl. .6 00 

— (**) "Principles and Practice of Veterinary Surgery." 

New author's edition, entirely revised and illustrated 
with numerous plain and colored plates. By W. 
Williams, M.E.C.V.S. 8vo, cloth 6 00 

WYMAN. "The Clinical Diagnosis of Lameness 
in the Horse." By W. E. A. Wyman, V.S., Prof, of 
Veterinary Science, Clemson A. & M. College, and 
Veterinarian to the South Carolina Experiment Sta- 
tion. (In preparation.) 



20 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins 

ZUNDEL. "The Horse's Foot and Its Diseases." By 

A. Zundel, Principal Veterinarian of Alsace Lorraine. 
Translated by Dr. A. Liautard, V.S. 12mo, clotli 
illustrated 2 00 

ZUlLLi. "Tjphoid Fever; or Contagious Influenza 
in tlie Horse." By Prof. W. L. Zuill, M.D.,D.V.S. 
Pamphlet 25 



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William R. Jenkins, 

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